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Exam 3 > Circulatory And Respitory > Flashcards

Circulatory And Respitory Flashcards

1
Q

What is diffusion across membranes

A

Exchanging CO2 and O2 are essential for animal life.

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2
Q

How thick should membranes be for diffusion to occur?

A

Membranes can’t be thicker than 1mm for diffusion to occur

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3
Q

Who has the more efficient lung system between mammals and birds?

A

Birds

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4
Q

What ventilation do most cartilaginous fishes use?

A

Ram ventilation

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5
Q

What is diffusion driven by?

A

Difference in o2 and co2 concentrations on 2 sides of membranes and relative solubilities in plasma membrane

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6
Q

What mammal is the respiratory champion?

A

Elephant seals

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7
Q

How long can elephant seals hold their breath

A

Over 2 hours

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8
Q

Why are elephant seals the respiratory champion

A

Holds breath for over 2 hrs
Descend and ascends rapidly repeatedly
Can dive great depths

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9
Q

How do amphibians

A

They respire across their skin

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10
Q

What type of papulae do echinoderms have?

A

Protruding papulae

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11
Q

How do gases diffuse?

A

Directly into unicellular organisms

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12
Q

What are the 2 main disadvantages of gills

A

Must constantly move to ensure contact with oxygen rich fresh water

Easily damaged

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13
Q

What lungs are more efficient between fish and salamanders

A

Fish lungs

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14
Q

What vertebrate has the most efficient breathing?

A

Birds

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15
Q

What direction are bird lungs

A

1 direction lungs

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16
Q

What do branchial chambers do?

A

Provide means of pumping water past stationary gills

Draw water in and pass it over gills

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17
Q

Where does the branchial chamber lie in crustaceans

A

Between bulk of body and hard exoskeleton of animal

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18
Q

What do many amphibians use for gas exchange?

A

Cutaneous respiration

19
Q

What are spiracles

A

Openings in exoskeleton that can be opened or closed by valves

20
Q

Why were gills replaced in terrestrial animals?

A

Air is less supportive than water

Water evaporates

21
Q

What terrestrial animal is the only one without a 2 way flow system

A

Birds

22
Q

How do lungs minimize evaporation?

A

By moving air through a branched tubular passage

23
Q

What is more efficient countercurrent or concurrent?

A

Countercurrent

24
Q

How does hemoglobin form oxyhemoglobin

A

Loading up with oxygen in lungs

25
Q

How many polypeptide chains are hemoglobin consist of

A

4 polypeptide chains

26
Q

What are the 4 polypeptide chains

A

2 a

2 b

27
Q

How is deoxyhemoglobin formed

A

Molecules losing o2 as blood passes through capillaries

28
Q

At blood PO2 of 100 mm hg what percentage of saturation is hemoglobin

A

97% saturated

29
Q

What PO2 is the blood that returns to the lungs of a person at rest?

A

About 40 mm Hg less

30
Q

What is hemoglobin affinity for O2 affected by

A

pH and temperature

31
Q

What is the pH effect known as

A

The Bohr shift

32
Q

What is the Bohr shift

A

Increased CO2 in blood increased H+
Results in shift of oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right
Facilitates oxygen unloading

33
Q

How much CO2 is in blood is dissolved in plasma?

A

8%

34
Q

How is carbon dioxide transported

A

8% dissolved in plasma
20% of CO2 is bound to hemoglobin
Remaining 72% is diffused into red blood cells

35
Q

What is the major function of hemoglobin

A

To carry oxygen from lungs to tissues and return carbon dioxide from tissue to lungs

36
Q

What is the function of myoglobin

A

Carries oxygen molecules to muscle tissues

37
Q

Why do most cartilageneous fishes use ram ventilation?

A

To flow water across gills through mouth

38
Q

Why do some bony fish switch from buccal pumping to ram ventilation at high speeds?

A

It is more efficient while swimming

39
Q

What is buccal pumping

A

Pumping water through mouth and over gills

40
Q

Oxyhemoglobin vs deoxyhemoglobin

A

Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin combined with oxygen

Deoxyhemoglobin has released its oxygen

41
Q

What is vasoconstriction

A

Narrowing of blood vessels resulting from contraction of muscular wall of vessels

42
Q

What is vasodilation

A

The widening of blood vessels

43
Q

What is the haldane effect?

A

The oxygenation of blood in lungs displaces CO2 from hemoglobin which increases removal of CO2

44
Q

What is also carried by hemoglobin

A

Nitric oxide

Carbon monoxide

Exam 3 (5 decks)

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