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circulatory and immunity > circulatory > Flashcards

circulatory Flashcards

1
Q

what is the distance of blood vessels that the body has? what is their function

A

96,000km
- they transport blood to each cell in the body

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2
Q

how much blood volume is pumped every minute

A

your entire blood volume (about 5L)

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3
Q

what functions does the circulatory system perform 5

A
  1. carries o2 and nutrients to cells
  2. carries co2 and waste AWAY from cells
  3. carries hormones to target organs
  4. distributes heat throughout the body
  5. helps defend off invading micro-organisms
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4
Q

label the heart and state their functions

A

a

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5
Q

draw the diagram for pulmonary and systemic system. label each part and draw where areas are highest/high/low/lowest

A

a

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6
Q

how many parallel pumps does the heart haev

A

2

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7
Q

PULMONary circulation

A

the right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation (pulmonary artery), in which the blood then goes back to the heart (pulmonary vein).

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8
Q

systemic circulation

A

left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body (aorta), circulated blood to the body tissues, and brings deoxygenated blood back to the heart (inferior/superior vena cava)

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9
Q

coronary circulation

A

the circulation of blood in the blood vessels that supply the heart muscle

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10
Q

coronary arteries function

A

supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle

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11
Q

cardiac veins function

A

drain away the blood once it has been deoxygenated (coronary circulation)

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12
Q

atria

A

top chamber of the heart that contracts to push blood into the bottom ventricular chamber

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13
Q

aorta

A

largest artery in the body, carries oxygenated blood to the body tissues.

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14
Q

atrioventricular (AV) valves

A

the tricuspid (right) and bicuspid/mitral (left) valves separate the atria from the ventricles on the right and left sides, respectively. The valves ensure a one-way flow of blood within the heart.

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15
Q

chordal tendineae

A

tendons that hold valves in place in the heart

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16
Q

pulmonary arteries/veins

A

carry deoxygenated blood TO lungs (artery) and oxygenated blood FROM lungs (veins)

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17
Q

semilunar valves

A

prevents blood from flowing backward from the pulmonary artery/vein into the ventricles. They are the pulmonary and aortic valves.

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18
Q

septum

A

muscular wall that separates the left and right sides of the heart.

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19
Q

vena cava

A

largest vein that carries blood from the upper body (superior) and lower body (inferior) back to the heart.

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20
Q

ventricles

A

large and muscular chambers that pump blood to the lungs (right side) or the body (left side).

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21
Q

which side of the heart is thicker and why

A

the left side because it pumps blood further to the body tissues

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22
Q

blood flows in one direction through the heart. what parts does it go through in order

A
  1. superior/inferior vena cava
  2. right atrium
  3. right ventricle
  4. pulmonary artery
  5. lungs
  6. pulmonary veins
  7. left atrium
  8. left ventricle
  9. aorta
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23
Q

blood vessels: veins vs arteries

A

veins: lack of o2
arteries: o2 rich

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24
Q

arteries 6

A
  • carry blood AWAY from the heart.
  • have thick walls
  • carry blood under HIGH PRESSURE
  • a muscular tube lined by SMOOTH TISSUE
  • MUSCLES allow for arteries to handle the high pressure from the heart.
  • pulses can be felt in the artery.
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25
Q

arterioles

A

are smaller arteries that control blood flow to different parts of the body

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26
Q

vasoconstriction vs vasodialation

A

vasoconstriction- the NARROWING of blood vessels, decreasing blood flow to the tissues

vasodialation- widening/relaxation of blood vessels, increasing blood flow to the tissues

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27
Q

capillaries 2

A
  • tiny blood vessels composed of a SINGLE LAYER of cells
  • this is the site of fluid and gas exchange between the cells and body tissues
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28
Q

what is the state of pressure in the capillaries and what does this affect

A

the pressure is high in the capillaries and this increases the risk of rupturing and causing a bruise

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29
Q

draw capillary diagram with exchange of gases and stuff

A

a

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30
Q

venules 2

A

larger blood vessels that form as capillaries merge
- they are lined with SMOOTH MUSCLE to ensure blood continues to flow back towards the heart

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31
Q

veins 2

A
  • larger blood vessels that result as venules merge
  • take blood back toward the heart
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32
Q

state of pressure within veins and the result

A

they have quite low blood pressure so they have uni-directional valves to ensure the one way flow of blood.

33
Q

skeletal muscles and venous flow (veins)

A
  • skeletal muscles help aid in venous flow
  • venous pressure is increased when skeletal muscles contract and push on the vein, forcing blood upwards.
34
Q

label blood vessels- veins and arteries

A

a

35
Q

comparing blood vessels: artery, vein, capillary
- function

A

arteries- transport blood from heart to all organs
vein- transport blood from organs to heart
capillaries- allows exchange of substances

36
Q

comparing blood vessels: artery, vein, capillary
- wall thickness

A

artery- thickest
vein- thinner
capillary- thinnest- 1 cell thick

37
Q

comparing blood vessels: artery, vein, capillary
- do the walls contain elastic fibers

A

artery- yes
vein- less
capillary- no

38
Q

comparing blood vessels: artery, vein, capillary
- how wide are the blood vessels

A

artery- narrow
vein- widest
capillary- narrowest

39
Q

comparing blood vessels: artery, vein, capillary
- - valves?

A

artery- no
veins- yes
capillary- no

40
Q

comparing blood vessels: artery, vein, capillary
- blood pressure

A

artery- highest
vein- lowest
capillary- lower

41
Q

aneurysm

A

a bulge or weakening in the wall of a blood vessel

42
Q

atherosclerosis

A

degeneration of blood vessels caused by the accumulation of fat deposits (plaque) in the inner wall

43
Q

bruising

A

rupture of capillary beds cause extra blood to leak into the extra-cellular space

44
Q

varicose veins

A

damage to the one-way valves in the veins causes blood to pool and the veins to buldge

45
Q

which blood vessel serves as blood reservoir

A

vein

46
Q

blood path regarding veins/arteries in heart and blood vessels

A

heart:
- pulmonary artery (o2 lacking) to pulmonary vein (o2 rich)

blood:
- artery (o2 rich) to vein (o2 lacking)

47
Q

function of the heart electrical system

A

your heart is made of tiny cells. your heart’s electrical system controls the timing of your heartbreak by sending an electrical signal through these cells

48
Q

myogenic muscle

A

the heart muscle is unique because it is a myogenic muscle, meaning it is able to contract without external nerve stimulation

49
Q

sinoatrial (SA) node

A

a bundle of specialized tissue that stimulates the muscle cells to contract and relax rhythmically.

50
Q

atrioventricular (AV) node

A

transmits the electrical signal through a bundle of His fibers (going down septum). they then transmit the signal to the purkinje fibers

51
Q

purkinje fibers

A

initiate the almost-simultaneous contraction of all cells of the ventricles.

52
Q

heart beat process (diagram if needed)

A

SA node > AV node where signal is delayed > bundle of His > Purkinje fibers

  1. blood coming from vena cava and pulmonary veins. in atria. SA node is located in top left of right atrium. Atrial excitation begins, atria contract
  2. blood coming down the ventricles and signal comes from SA to AV node. Impulse is delayed at AV node, ventricles fill.
  3. blood stays in ventricles, signal comes from SA to AV to Bundle of His. Ventricular excitation in heart apex. Bicuspid and tricuspid valves close. First half of R wave/Q wave. “LUB” SOUND IS MADE
  4. second half of R wave/S wave. Signal comes down to purkinje fibers. Blood flows from ventricular to pulmonary artery/aorta. Ventricular excitation complete.
  5. Ventricular relaxation. Semilunar valves close. blood is in aorta/pulmonary artery
53
Q

what is electrocardiogram (ECG)

A

shows the electrical conductivity of the heart and is used to identify and diagnose heart conditions

54
Q

blood pressure

A
  • it is the force of the blood on the walls of your arteries
55
Q

how is blood pressure determined

A

determined by the amount of blood your heart pumps and the amount of resistance to blood flow in your ARTERIES. The more blood ur heart pumps and the narrower your arteries, the higher your blood pressure

56
Q

what is the normal blood pressure? what does it mean

A

normal pressure is 120/80, meaning the SYSTOLIC pressure (during CONTRACTION of ventricles) is 120mm Hg while the DIASTOLIC pressure (RELAXATION of ventricles) is 80mm Hg

57
Q

lubb dubb sound of the heartbeat explained

A
  • the sound is caused by the closing of heart valves
  • lubb sound id when the AV close and the dubb is when the semilunar valves close.
58
Q

what is the state of the valves when atria/ventricles are systolic/diastolic

A

atria- systolic
ventricle- diastolic
valve- AV valve closed
“lubb”

atria- diastolic
ventricle- systolic
valve- SL valve closed
“Dubb”

atria- diastolic
ventricle- diastolic
valve- both closed

59
Q

valves regarding systolic/diastolic

A

diastole- (filling) when AV valves are opened and blood fills from the atria to the ventricle

systole- (pumping) when AV valves are closed and SL valves are opening and blood is pumped from ventricles to the pulmonary vein/aorta due to ventricle pumping and contracting

60
Q

heart murmur (lubb-dubb-squish)

A

occurs when the heart valves aer fault and don’t close completely. Blood rushes from the ventricle back into the atrium which creates a squish sound that is heard as a murmur

61
Q

cardiac output

A

is the amount of blood that flows out of the heart each minute. output can be influenced by stroke volume and heart rate

62
Q

stroke volume

A

is the volume of blood pumped with each beat of the heart. on average, the stoke volume is about 70ml/beat

63
Q

heart rate

A

the number of beats per minute of the heart

64
Q

cardiac output equation

A

cardiac output= stroke vol * heart rate

65
Q

cardiovascular fitness

A

exercise, age, and diet can change your cardiovascular fitness
- a low resting heart rate is considered good as it means the stoke vol is high

66
Q

what does a low heart rate imply

A

its considered good because stoke vol is high

67
Q

how is blood pressure measured

A

measured by baroreceptors (stretch receptors) in the aortic ac or carotid artery

68
Q

what does higher blood volume mean regarding pressure? (cardiac output)

A

high blood vol = higher pressure
- can be influenced by fluid retention (like water)

69
Q

what does higher heart rate mean regarding blood pressure? (cardiac output)

A

higher heart rate = higher blood pressure

70
Q

arteriolar resistance (blood vessel size)

A

the diameter of the arteries will determine the pressure within them. vasoconstriction will cause greater BP while vasodilation decreases it

71
Q

what is a sphygmomanometer

A

a blood pressure cuff. measures blood pressure

72
Q

vasoconstriction

A

the narrowing of blood vessels, decreasing flow to the tissues
- causes an increase of blood pressure and can help retain heat in the body

73
Q

vasodilation

A

the widening/relaxation of blood vessels, increasing blood flow to the tissues, which can cause a decrease in blood pressure
- it can help to lose heat from the body when you’re warm

74
Q

hypertension 3

A

blood pressure higher than normal.
- your blood pressure changes throughout the day based on your activities.
- having blood pressure measures consistently above normal may result in a diagnosis of high blood pressure

75
Q

hypertension risk factors 4

A
  • obesity
  • drinking too much alcohol
  • smoking
  • family history
76
Q

common treatment for hypertension

A

beta-blockers

77
Q

hypotension

A

a blood pressure reading lower than 90 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) for the top number (systolic) or 60mm Hg for the bottom number (diastolic)
- can be life threatening in severe cases

78
Q

hypotension can be caused by… (4)

A
  • dehydration
  • hormonal problems
  • blood loss
  • infections

circulatory and immunity (2 decks)

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