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Biology > Circulation & Respiration > Flashcards

Circulation & Respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Internal transport system that carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and other substances TO AND FROM cells.

A

Circulatory system

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2
Q

Fluid tissue of water, solutes, and blood cells.

A

Blood

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3
Q

Tubes of various diameters that transport blood.

A

Blood vessels

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4
Q

Muscular pump that generates pressure to keep the blood flowing.

A

Heart

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5
Q

Blood is pumped from a heart into tissue spaces (small organisms)

A

Open system

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6
Q

Heart and vessels are connected so that the blood remains in a closed circuit

A

Closed system

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7
Q

What vertebrae has a two-chambered heart that pumps blood through one circuit?

A

Fish

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8
Q

What vertebrae has a three-chambered heart that pumps blood through two partially separate circuits?

A

Amphibians

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9
Q

What vertebrae has a three-chambered heart and modified separate circuits?

A

Reptiles

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10
Q

What vertebrae has a four-chambered heart that pumps blood through two completely separate circuits?

A

Birds and mammals

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11
Q

What are the four functions of blood?

A

1) Carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells
2) Helps stabilize internal pH
3) Carries infection-fighting cells
4) Helps equalize temperature

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12
Q

-From stem cells in red bone marrow
-May develop into RBC’s, WBC’s or Platelets

A

Hemopoesis

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13
Q

On average, how much blood is in the human body?

A

5 liters

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14
Q

50-60% of total blood volume, contains proteins, ions, sugars, lipids, amino acids, hormones, vitamins, and dissolved gases

A

Plasma portion

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15
Q

40-50% of total blood volume, contains red & white blood cells

A

Cellular portion

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16
Q

-Known as Erythrocytes
-Must numerous cells in the blood
-Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide on hemoglobin
-Bi-concave disc
-No nucleus
-Mature at 90 days
-Live ~120 days

A

Red Blood Cells

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17
Q

-Known as leukocytes
-Remove dead and worn-out cells and protect against invading microbes, pathogens, and foreign matter
-Arise from stem cells

A

White blood cells

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18
Q

Have the appearance of small grains in the cytoplasm (Basophils, Neutrophils, and Eosinophils)

A

Granular Leukocytes

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19
Q

Least numerous leukocyte, creates antibodies against foreign invaders and are involved in inflammation

A

Basophils

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20
Q

Most common leukocyte, first to arrive at injury to fight off invaders by phagocytosis

A

Neutrophils

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21
Q

Important leukocyte for allergies and parasite/worm infections

A

Eosinophils

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22
Q

Do not appear to have grains in cytoplasm (Lymphocytes and Monocytes)

A

Agranular Leukocytes

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23
Q

Leukocytes involved in antibody production against specific pathogens

A

Lymphocytes

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24
Q

Largest leukocyte, acts as macrophages in engulf invading bacteria.

A

Monocytes

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25
Q

Cell fragments that initiate blood clotting after a cut or injury

A

Platelets

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26
Q

Blood clotting after cut or injury

A

Hemostasis

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27
Q

Steps of Hemostasis:

A

1) Smooth muscle spasms stop blood flow
2) Platelets clump to plug the rupture
3) Blood coagulates (thickens) due to fibrinogens, and forms a clot
4) A protein, Fibrin, forms a net that entangles cells and platelets
5) Scab forms on small injuries

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28
Q

A red blood cell disorder where there are too few cells or deformed cells; causes chronic blood loss, rupturing of red blood cells, and iron deficiency

A

Anemia

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29
Q

A red blood cell disorder where there are too many red cells; causes excess bleeding or clotting.

A

Polycythemias

30
Q

Cancer that suppresses white blood cell information

A

Leukemia

31
Q

Too many monocytes and lymphocytes

A

Mononucleolis

32
Q

Blood type that has A antigen markers on RBC and B antibodies in plasma

A

Type A

33
Q

Blood type that has B antigen markers on RBC and A antibodies in plasma

A

Type B

34
Q

Blood type that has both A & B antigens and NO antibodies

A

Type AB

35
Q

Blood type that has no antigens and both A & B antibodies

A

Type O

36
Q

What blood type is the universal recipient?

A

Type AB

37
Q

What blood type is the universal donor?

A

Type O

38
Q

When bloods of incompatible types are mixed and the recipient’s immune system attacks the donor cells.

A

Agglutination Reaction

39
Q

Short loop that carries blood to the lungs to oxygenate blood & get rid of wastes

A

Pulmonary Circuit

40
Q

Longer loop that carries blood from the heart to and from body tissues.

A

Systemic Circuit

41
Q

Cells that differentiate into cardiac muscle cells during embryonic development and begin contracting on their own, setting the pace for your heart. Located in the right atrium.

A

SA Node

42
Q

Main transporters of oxygenated blood

A

Arteries

43
Q

Diameter is adjusted to regulate blood flow

A

Arterioles

44
Q

A single sheet of epithelial cells

A

Capillaries

45
Q

Main transporters of deoxygenated blood

A

Veins

46
Q

Smaller transporters

A

Venules

47
Q

Keep blood flowing toward the heart

A

Valves

48
Q

Force of pressure on walls of arteries

A

Blood pressure

49
Q

Peak pressure (ventricles contract)

A

Systolic pressure

50
Q

Lowest pressure (Ventricles relax)

A

Diastolic pressure

51
Q

The site of exchange between blood and interstitial fluid

A

Capillary beds

52
Q

Arteries thicken, lose elasticity, and fill up with cholesterol and lipids (plaque)

A

Atherosclerosis

53
Q

What is the normal heart rate?

A

70 bpm

54
Q

Slow rate

A

Bradycardia

55
Q

Fast rate

A

Tachycardia

56
Q

Irregular heartbeat

A

Atrial fibrilation

57
Q

Uncontrolled contraction of ventricles, often leads to heart attack

A

Ventricular fibrilation

58
Q

Fluid forced out of capillaries and into the interstitial fluid.

A

Lymph

59
Q

Picks up the lymph fluid, filters it, and returns it to the circulatory system

A

lymphatic system

60
Q

What are the lymphoid organs?

A

Tonsils, spleen, and thymus gland

61
Q

Located at intervals along lymph vessels, they act as a filter for lymph and contain lymphocytes that can recognize a foreign invader

A

Lymph nodes

62
Q

What are the four functions of the respiratory system?

A

1) Gas exchange with the circulatory system
2) Smell
3) Speech
4) Helps regulate acid-base balance/homeostasis

63
Q

The movement of air into/out of the respiratory system (breathing).

A

Ventilation

64
Q

Process in which oxygen moves into the body’s internal environment (blood) and carbon dioxide moves out

A

Respiration

65
Q

Movement of solute from a higher concentration to lower concentration across a concentration gradient; diffusion rate depends on surface area and differences in partial pressure.

A

Fick’s Law

66
Q

Pressure is inversely proportional to the volume. (Increase in volume = pressure decrease; Decrease in volume = pressure increase)

A

Boyle’s Law

67
Q

Animals must have:

A

1) Internal cells close to the surface that can exchange gases
OR
2) A system to move the gases forward

68
Q

In fish, when blood flow runs in the opposite direction of water flow. *This enhances movement of oxygen from water to blood

A

Countercurrent Flow

69
Q

Allows gas exchange in oxygen-poor aquatic habitats and on land; Air moves by bulk flow; Gases diffuse across respiratory surfaces; Pulmonary Circulation enhances diffusion of gases into/out of the lungs.

A

Vertebrate Paired Lungs

70
Q

Functions of the Nasal Cavity:

A

1) Hair & Cilia filter dust and other particles
2) Blood vessels warm the air
3) Mucus moistens the air

Biology (1 decks)

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