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LR Dermatology > Circulation Anatomy > Flashcards

Circulation Anatomy Flashcards

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

What is the role of superficial fascia of the limbs?

A
  • Provides most of the body’s fat storage

- Contains superficial blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics and sweat glands

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2
Q

What is the role of deep fascia of the limbs?

A
  • Covers most of the body deep to the skin and superficial fascia
  • Divides the limbs into compartments
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3
Q

The superficial/deep fascia contains dense/loose connective tissue

A

Superficial = loose connective tissue

Deep = dense connective tissue

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4
Q

Name the deep fascia of the upper limb (from proximal to distal)

A
  • Pectoral fascia
  • Deltoid fascia
  • Brachial fascia
  • Antebrachial fascia
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5
Q

Name the deep fascia of the lower limb (from proximal to distal)

A
  • Fascia lata (thigh)
  • Iliotibial tract
  • Crural fascia (lower leg)
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6
Q

Why is knowing the routes of arterial supply important?

A

During trauma, limit blood loss by applying pressure proximal to the injury

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7
Q

Which pulse points should we be able to palpate?

A
  • Common carotid
  • Brachial
  • Radial
  • Femoral
  • Popliteal
  • Posterior tibial
  • Dorsalis pedis
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8
Q

What are the main differences between superficial and deep veins?

A

Superficial ->
smaller, run in superficial fascia, drain into deep veins by piercing the deep fascia

Deep ->
thick, run deep to deep fascia, often found in neurovascular bundles

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9
Q

What are the 2 main superficial veins of the upper limb?

A

Cephalic vein

Basilic vein

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10
Q

Describe the route of the cephalic vein

A

Dorsal venous network in the hand -> lateral aspect of arm -> anterior midline of biceps brachii muscle -> deltopectoral groove -> drains into axillary vein in deltopectoral triangle

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11
Q

Describe the route of the basilic vein

A

Dorsal venous network in the hand -> medial aspect of forearm -> drains into brachial vein at mid-arm level

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12
Q

What is the median cubital vein and why is it important?

A

It is where the cephalic and basilic veins anastamose

It is often used for venepuncture

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13
Q

What are the 2 main superficial veins of the lower limb?

A
  • Great saphenous vein

- Small saphenous vein

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14
Q

Describe the route of the great saphenous vein

A

Medial aspect of dorsal venous arch in foot -> anterior to medial malleolus bone -> up lateral aspect of leg with saphenous nerve -> 1 hands breath medial to patella -> femoral vein at femoral triangle

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15
Q

Describe the route of the small saphenous vein

A

Lateral aspect of dorsal venous arch in foot -> posterior midline of the leg -> drains into the popliteal vein in the popliteal fossa

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16
Q

Which of the deep veins are not bilateral?

A

The SVC and the IVC only

17
Q

What prevents backflow of blood from the deep venous system to the superficial venous system?

A

Blood travels from superficial veins to deep veins via perforating veins at an oblique angle

18
Q

What are vena comitantes and why are they useful

A
  • ‘Accompanying veins’ that travel with an artery within a vascular sheath
  • Pulsations of the artery help move blood in the veins
19
Q

Lymphatics in the limbs generally follow arteries/veins

A

Veins

20
Q

Describe the route of superficial lymphatics in the upper limb

A
  • Arise from plexuses in the fingers and hand
  • Can follow basilic vein and drain into the cubital and lateral axillary lymph nodes
  • Can follow cephalic vein and drain into apical axillary lymph nodes
  • Axillary lymph nodes drain into subclavian lymphatics
21
Q

Describe the route of deep lymphatics in the upper limb

A
  • Follow deep veins of the upper limb
  • Drain into the lateral axillary lymph nodes
  • Axillary lymph nodes drain into the subclavian lymphatics
22
Q

Describe the route of superficial lymphatics in the lower limb

A
  • Those following the great saphenous tend to pass to the superficial inguinal lymph nodes then to deep inguinal or external iliac nodes
  • Those following the small saphenous tend to pass to the popliteal lymph nodes then to deep inguinal or external iliac nodes
23
Q

Describe the route of deep lymphatics in the lower limb

A
  • Follow deep veins and drain into popliteal lymph nodes
  • Deep inguinal lymph nodes
  • Common iliac nodes
  • Lumbar lymphatics
24
Q

Ischaemia is…

A

Inadequate oxygenation of cells/tissues/organ due to an interruption to blood supply (arterial or venous)

25
Q

Give examples of arterial causes of ischaemia

A

LV failure

Injury

Aneurysm

Occlusion e.g., atherosclerosis

External compression e.g., tumour

26
Q

Give examples of venous causes of ischaemia

A

Increased venous drainage pressure causing back pressure into capillary beds

DVT

Right heart failure

External compression e.g., tumour

27
Q

How can chronic venous insufficiency lead to venous ulceration?

A
  • Area around the insufficiency has a poor blood supply
  • Skin becomes dry, itchy and inflamed
  • Struggles to heal due to poor blood supply
  • Skin begins to break down
28
Q

What is the most common site for venous ulceration?

A

The gator area (medial aspect of shin - ~80% found of venous ulcerations there)

29
Q

Describe the arrangement of the deep fascia in the limbs

A

It invests into the muscles (moves internally to wrap around them)

Intermuscular septa form fascia compartments within the limbs

30
Q

What are the functions of the fascia compartments in the limbs?

A
  • Help prevent the spread of infection and tumours

- Stops over-contraction of muscles which aids in venous return to the heart

31
Q

The great saphenous vein in the leg runs alongside…

A

The saphenous nerve

32
Q

What venous variation of the upper limb occurs in around 20% of people?

A

A median vein is found in the forearm of ~20% of people

33
Q

How do varicose veins form in the lower limb?

A

Incompetent venous valves allow blood to flow backwards into superficial veins, causing them to become weak and dilated

LR Dermatology (11 decks)

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