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A Level Biology: Topic 4 (Edexcel) > Circulation > Flashcards

Circulation Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the features of a mass transport system?

A

System of vessels that carry substances
A way of making sure the substances are moved in the right direction
Means of moving the substances fast enough
A transport medium

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2
Q

What are the two types of circulation systems?

A

Single system
Double system
Closed system

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3
Q

Where are closed circulation systems found?

A

Insects

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4
Q

Where are single circulation systems found?

A

Fish

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5
Q

What is a single circulation system?

A

The heart pumps blood to the organs of gas exchange and the blood travels around the body and back to the heart

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6
Q

Why do more complex animals need a double circulation system?

A

They must maintain body tempreture which uses oxygen from the blood so need a more effecitve system

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7
Q

What is a double circulation system?

A

It involves two circulatory systems, one to take blood to the lungs and a second to take it around the body

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8
Q

What are the two systems of the double circulation system?

A

Systemic circulation

Pulmonary circulation

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9
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

Oxygenated blood is carried from the heart around the body where the oxygen is used
Deoxygenated blood is then taken back to the heart

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10
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

Deoxygenated blood is carried to the lungs where it gains oxygen and is taken back to the heart.

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11
Q

What are the advantages of the double circulation system?

A

The blood does not mix do the tissues get as much oxygen as possible
Can be delivered quickly at high pressure

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12
Q

What is the role of plasma?

A

Transporting glucose, amino acids, excretory products like CO2, chemical messages

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13
Q

What is the role of erythrocytes?

A

Transporting oxygen to cell from the lungs

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14
Q

How is haemoglobin adapted for it’s function?

A

Biconcave shape for a large surface area

No nucleus

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15
Q

What is the function of leucocytes?

A

To defend the body against infection

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16
Q

What are the two main types of leucocytes?

A

Granulocytes

Agranulocytes

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17
Q

What are granulocytes?

A

A type of leucocyte with granules in their cytoplams and lobed nuclei

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18
Q

What are the different types of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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19
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

A type of leucocyte that is part of the non-specific immune response. They use phagocytosis

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20
Q

What are eosinophils?

A

A type of leucocyte that is part of the non-specific immune response. They are important in allergic reactions and developing immunity

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21
Q

What are basophils?

A

A type of leucocyte that is part of the non-specific immune response. They produce histamines and are involved in inflammation and allergic reactions

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22
Q

What are agranulocytes?

A

They are a type of leucocyte without granules in their cytoplasm and have unlobed nuclei

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23
Q

What are the different types of agranulocytes?

A

Monocytes

Lymphocytes

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24
Q

What are monocytes?

A

Part of the specific immune response and engulf pathogens by phagocytosis

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25
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

Small leucocytes with large nuclei important in the specific immune response

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26
Q

What is the role of platelets?

A

Involved in blood clotting

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27
Q

What is the structure of haemoglobin?

A

Globular protein with 4 polypeptide chains which can pick up 4 oxygen molocules

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28
Q

What is the oxygen disassociation curve?

A

Describes the relationship between partial pressure and the saturation with oxygen

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29
Q

Describe the oxygen diassociation curve

A

The first oxygen molocule alters the haemoglobin and makes it easier for the next 2 to bind without a massive increase in partical pressure. The last is hard to bind because the liklihood of collision is low so an increase in pressure is needed

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30
Q

What does it mean when haemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen?

A

A small change in partial pressure has a big effect

It’s more likely to bind

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31
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

The effect where a rise in CO2 lowers the oxygen affinity of haemoglobin

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32
Q

How is the affinity of haemoglobin affected by high CO2 partial pressure?

A

It’s lowered so it gives up oxygen more easily

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33
Q

How does faetal haemoglobin become oxygenated?

A

Oxygenated blood from the mother runs to the placenta and flows close to the deoxygenated faetal blood. As fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen, it transferrs across

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34
Q

What is the difference between myoglobin and haemoglobin?

A

Myoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen but doesn’t release it easily so acts as an oxygen store

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35
Q

How is CO2 transported around the body?

A

5% carried in the plasma
10-20% combines with haemoglobin to form carbaminohaemoglobin
The rest is transported in the cytoplasm of red blood cells

36
Q

How is serotonin and thromboplastin released as part of clotting?

A

Contacts between platelets and damaged tissues causes platelets to release them

37
Q

What is the role of serotonin in the clotting cascade?

A

The blood vessel contracts and cuts of blood to the damaged area

38
Q

What is the role of thromboplastin in the clotting cascade?

A

It catalyses the conversion of prothombin into thrombin

39
Q

What is the role of thrombin in the clotting cascade?

A

It catalyses the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin

40
Q

What is the clotting cascade?

A

Thromboplastin converts prothrombin into thrombin
Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin
Platelets get trapped in a fibrin mesh and form a clot
Proteins contract and form a scab

41
Q

What are arteries?

A

They carry blood away from the heart towards the cells of the body, almost every artery carries oxygenated blood

42
Q

Which two arteries carry deoxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary artery: carries blood from the heart to the lungs

Umbilical artery: carries blood from the fetus to the placenta

43
Q

What is the lumen?

A

The central space inside a blood vessel

44
Q

What is the structure of an artery?

A

Small lumen

Middle layers contain elastic fibres

45
Q

Why do arteries have elastic fibres?

A

The heartbeat sends blood out at high pressure so the arteries must be flexiable enough to widthstand the pressure surges

46
Q

What is the difference between the major and peripheral arteries?

A

The lumen is smaller and there are less elastic fibres in the peripheral arteries because blood pressure drops the further away from the heart you are

47
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Small blood vessels spread throughout tissues in the body where blood runs slowly so there is more time for diffusion

48
Q

What are veins?

A

They carry blood back towards the heart, mainly deoxygenated

49
Q

What is the structure of a vein?

A

Large lumen

Few elastic fibres

50
Q

What are the two largest veins?

A

Superiour and inferiour vena cava

51
Q

What are semi-lunar valves?

A

Valves that prevent the backflow of blood

52
Q

What happens on the right side of the heart?

A

It gets blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs

53
Q

What happens on the left side of the heart?

A

It gets blood from the lungs and pumps it around the body

54
Q

What seperates the left and right sides of the heart?

A

Septum

55
Q

Where is the first place blood from the body is delivered to in the heart?

A

The right atrium

56
Q

Where is the tricupsid valve located?

A

Between the right atrium and right ventricle

57
Q

How does the right ventricle fill with blood?

A

The right atrium contracts

58
Q

What happens when the right ventricle contracts?

A

Blood is forced into the pulmonary artery and carried to the lungs

59
Q

How does blood return to the heart from the veins?

A

Pulmonary veins

60
Q

Where does the blood go when it comes back from the lungs?

A

The left atrium

61
Q

Where is the bicupsid valve located?

A

Between the left atrium and left ventricle

62
Q

Where does the blood go when the left ventricle contracts?

A

The aorta

63
Q

What is a systole?

A

A contraction of the heart

64
Q

What is a distole?

A

Where the heart relaxes and fills with blood

65
Q

How do electrical impulses control the heartbeat?

A

Sinoatrial node sends a wave of depolarisation that causes the atria to contract
The annulus fibrosus stops it getting to the ventricles so instead, the atrioventricular node is activated which sends a second wave of depolarisation to the bundle of His and the ventricles contract

66
Q

What is the sinoatrial node?

A

A group of cells in the right atrium that sends out the first wave of depolarisation needed to cause a heartbeat

67
Q

What is the annulus fibrosus?

A

An area of non-conducting tissue that seperatesthe atria from the ventricles so slows down the wave of depolarisation

68
Q

What is the atrioventricular node?

A

A group of cells that are stimulated by a wave of depolarisation from the SAN and then transmits it’s own wave to the Bundle of His

69
Q

What is the bundle of His?

A

A group of conducting fibres in the septum of the heart into the purkyne tissue

70
Q

What is the purkyne tissue?

A

Conducting fibres that take an electrical impulse from the septum to the ventricles and cause them to contract

71
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

A cardiovascular disease from the build-up of plaques inside the arteries

72
Q

How do you develop atherosclerosis?

A

Damage to the artery wall leads to the formation of a plaque deposit which blocks the artery or decreases the size of the lumen

73
Q

What effects can atherosclerosis have on health?

A

Aneurysms
Raised blood pressure
Heart disease
Strokes

74
Q

How does atherosclerosis cause aneurysms?

A

The blocked artery causes a bottle neck of blood which causes the artery to split open

75
Q

What are the non-modifyable risk factors for atherosclerosis?

A

Genes
Age
Sex

76
Q

What are the modifyable risk factors for atherosclerosis?

A 
Smoking
Fitness
Weight
Stress
Diet
77
Q

What is ontonic pressure?

A

The tendency for water to move into capilaries by osmosis

78
Q

How is ontonic pressure calculated?

A

The water potential inside the cappilary minus the water potential outside

79
Q

Where is tissue fluid forced out of the capillaries?

A

Arterial end

80
Q

Why is the tissue fluid forced out of the capillaries at the arterial end?

A

Hydrostatic pressure is higher than ontonic pressure

81
Q

Where does tissue fluid re-enter the capillaries?

A

Venous end

82
Q

Why does the tissue fluid come into the cappilaries at the venous end?

A

Hydrostatic pressure is lower than ontonic pressure

83
Q

What causes the fall in hydrostatic pressure as you move through the capillaries?

A

Pressure from the pulse is lost

As tissue fluid moves out, the volume of blood decreases so pressure falls

84
Q

How much of the tissue fluid is reabsobed into the blood?

A

90%

the remainng becomes lymph

85
Q

Where is lymph returned to the blood?

A

The neck

86
Q

What is the difference between lymph and tissue fluid?

A

Lymph has less nutrients and oxygen and higher levels of fatty acids

A Level Biology: Topic 4 (Edexcel) (4 decks)

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