Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

Organs for diffusion
LET-GC

A

Entire Outer skin (frogs), tracheae, cell surface, gills and lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do molluscs and crustacea have?

A

A diffusion lung.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do sand crabs have?

A

Cutaneous patches on upper limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do soldier crabs have?

A

Bronchial chamber.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does circulation move?

A

Respiratory gases, nutrients, water, salts, metabolites and waste, hormones, RBCs and WBCs, and platelets.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Haemoglobin

A

Blood Protein
Has 2 alpha and beta globins, along with 4 haem making a heterotetrameric complex, blood: red colour.
(See Quizlet Image)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What animals use haemoglobin?

A

Humans and majority of vertebrates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Chlorocruorin

A

Very large free-floating multimeric complex of myoglobin like subunits, containing porphyrin, gives blood a green colour.
(See Quizlet Image)
Light green= deoxy
Green= oxygenated
When more concentrated appears light red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What animals use chlorocruorin?

A

Some segmented worms, leeches and marine worms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Haemocyanin

A

Monomer/hexamer in arthropods and polymer in molluscs, has no porphyrin, it uses copper instead of iron.
(See Quizlet Image)
deoxy= colourless
oxy= blue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Haemocyanin in blood

A

It is free-floating, and gives blood a blue colour when oxygenated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What stabilises the copper in haemocyanin?

A

6 Histidines.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What animals use haemocyanin?

A

Spiders, crustaceans, some molluscs, octopuses and squids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Haemorythrin

A

A homo/hetero octamer with no porphyrin, 1/4 as efficient as haemoglobin, gives blood a violet colour.
(See Quizlet Image)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What animals use haemorythrin?

A

Marine worms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Open circulation

A

Blood bathes tissues directly, low pressure, low oxygen delivery, cannot regulate flow, but metabolically cheap and less risk of blood loss when injured.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What animals have open circulation?

A

Many invertebrates such as nematodes, arthropods, molluscs and tunicates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Closed circulation

A

Blood is contained in vessels, high pressure, high oxygen delivery, can regulate flow but metabolically expensive and vulnerable to injury.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What animals have closed circulation?

A

Mammals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Open circulatory systems

A

Diffusion occurs in sinuses, blood percolates through and diffuses under low pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Insect circulation

A

Dorsal, tubular heart with anterior arteries and multiple ostia bring blood back to heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Dorsal vessel in insects

A

Main insect vessel that runs longitudinally through thorax and abdomen along inside of dorsal body wall, fragile and collects haemolymph in the abdomen and drives it to head.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What drives movement of haemolymph in insects?

A

Peristalsis of ciliary muscles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What allows return of insect haemolymph?

A

In the diastolic phase, the ostia open up to allow influx.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Purpose of insect circulation

A

Blood is not used to carry O2, but does all other roles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Insect tracheal system

A

Network of air filled tubes, reduces water loss and can be shut off, allows recovery of water vapour, it delivers O2 to the tissues with ends permeable to gases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where does diffusion occur in closed circulatory systems?

A

Capillaries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Two basic types of hearts

A

Chambered heart and tubular hearts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What animals have a chambered heart?

A

Molluscs and vertebrates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What animals have a tubular heart?

A

Arthropods.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Tubular heart

A

Peristaltic, aortic arches in annelids with accessory hearts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Accessory hearts

A

Pump hemolymph into wings, legs, and other remote structures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What species have accessory hearts?

A

Insects, fish and amphibians.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Three layers of the artery

A

Endothelium, smooth muscle and connective tissue.

35
Q

What must arterial walls be able to do?

A

Contract and expand.

36
Q

How do veins move blood?

A

By nearby muscular contractions.

37
Q

Valves in veins

A

To stop backflow.

38
Q

What circulatory system features are shared in teleosts, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals?

A

A heart that connects to the systemic circulation via one or more aortic arches.

39
Q

Examples of animals with 2 chambered heart

A

Zebrafish and lamprey.

40
Q

Examples of animals with 3 chambered heart

A

Frog and pufferfish.

41
Q

Examples of animals with 4 chambered heart

A

Chicken, mouse and humans.

42
Q

Hagfish

A

Primitive, jawless eel-like vertebrate with a partially open circulatory system and several muscularised vessels that act as hearts.

43
Q

Hagfish heart

A

Caudal with 2 chambers separated by a cartilaginous rod, muscles contract to bend rod and change volume of each chamber, one side expands to fill with blood and the other contracts to expel.

44
Q

Fish circulatory system

A

Simple closed system, with heart pumping deoxygenated blood through gills, where it is reoxygenated and goes through tissues.

45
Q

Fish heart

A

One atrium and one ventricle, all venous blood goes through the sinus venosus and returns to atrium which are then passed into ventricle from there pumped into gills.

46
Q

What are gills made of?

A

Gill arches (for rigid support) and gill filaments (paired) along with secondary lamellae.

47
Q

Oxygen content of water

A

5ml O2/L.

48
Q

Oxygen content of air

A

210ml O2/L.

49
Q

How has gill adapted to increase oxygen absorbed?

A

It has counter-current gas exchange so water flow is opposite to blood flow.

50
Q

Why is the counter-current used?

A

Same current blood and water would reach an equilibrium with oxygen so no further diffusion, opposite direction allows water to always have more oxygen than blood.

51
Q

Why do fish suffocate out of water?

A

Gill arches collapse so they have no surface area for diffusion.

52
Q

Speed of counter-current gas exchange

A

Slow but stable.

53
Q

How does heart pump blood to gills?

A

Through aortic arches.

54
Q

What do aortic arches join?

A

Dorsal and ventral aorta.

55
Q

What carries blood downstream?

A

Single dorsal aorta.

56
Q

Lungfish

A

Live in low oxygen water, use gills and lungs, normally uses gills but if oxygen low it gulps air into lungs.

57
Q

Lungfish blood path

A

Heart to gills to head and body, then some goes to the lungs, so some reoxygenated blood returns to heart unlike other fish.

58
Q

Lungfish heart

A

2 atria to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, with only one ventricle with folds and flaps to channel flow.

59
Q

Where does oxygenated blood go to in lungfish?

A

To the left atrium and then goes to front end of gills and head.

60
Q

Where does deoxygenated blood go in lungfish?

A

To the right atrium and then goes to back end of gills where it is oxygenated and then goes to rest of body.

61
Q

Water breathing lungfish circulation

A

Single circulation with deoxygenated blood going through arches 2, 5 and 6.

62
Q

Air breathing lungfish circulation

A

Double circulation with deoxygenated blood through arch 6 to the lung while oxygenated blood goes through arches 3 and 4 along with external carotid artery.

63
Q

Land vertebrate circulation

A

2 circulatory circuits- pulmonary and systemic along with increased metabolic rate.

64
Q

Pulmonary circuit of land vertebrates

A

Conveys blood between heart and gas-exchange tissues.

65
Q

Systemic circuit of land vertebrates

A

Carries blood between heart and rest of body.

66
Q

Amphibian heart

A

Two atria, left is deoxygenated, right is oxygenated which then mix in ventricle, pumping mixed blood to lungs for oxygenation and to the body.

67
Q

Turtle heart

A

Similar to amphibian but is septated and has folds and grooves in ventricles to keep blood from mixing.

68
Q

Bird and mammal heart

A

2 atria and 2 ventricles, right side is deoxygenated, left side is oxygenated, mammals have one systemic arch.

69
Q

How do adult amphibians respire?

A

Lungs and skin.

70
Q

What happens to frog respiration in summer?

A

More dependent on lungs as higher temperature increases metabolic rate which means more oxygen needed- cannot speed up diffusion.

71
Q

Frog circulation

A

Lungs in adult, gills in larvae, can absorb oxygen through skin, pulmonary artery supplies lungs with a branch supplying skin.

72
Q

Where does oxygenated blood go in frogs?

A

To left atrium.

73
Q

Where does skin oxygenated blood go in frogs?

A

Mixes with deoxygenated blood from body.

74
Q

Adult amphibian aortic arches

A

Deoxygenated blood goes through arch 6 while oxygenated blood goes through arches 2 (carotid body) and 4.

75
Q

Frog heart

A

2 atria and 1 ventricle, less developed separation of pulmonary and systemic circulation but blood still relatively unmixed as they are ejected from heart.

76
Q

Crocodile blood path

A

Right ventricle to lungs to left atrium to left ventricle to systemic circulation to right atrium to right ventricle.

77
Q

Crocodile blood supply

A

Right systemic arch from left ventricle and left systemic arch from right ventricle.

78
Q

Crocodile left systemic arch

A

Supplied with oxygenated blood from left ventricle via the foramen of Panizza, high pressure in systemic circulation keeps valve between left systemic arch and right ventricle close, maintaining separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

79
Q

Bird and mammal circulation

A

Completely separated pulmonary and systemic circulation, systemic has much higher pressure, LV larger than RV

80
Q

Bird and mammal aortic arches

A

3 (carotid artery), 4 (aorta) and 6 (pulmonary artery).

81
Q

Difference in bird and mammal aortic arch?

A

Mammals have the left aortic arch while birds have right.

82
Q

How can capillary beds be bypassed?

A

Arteriolar-venular anastomoses which connect arterioles and venules.

83
Q

How does blood enter the microcirculatory bed?

A

By arteriole.