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Circled Things Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the stops in Apoptosis?

A

Is DNA damaged?

IS DNA Replicated correctly?

Is DNA replicated?

Are chromosomes properly attached to the spindles?

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2
Q

What is the Purpose of Meiosis 1?

A

Reduction and Division

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3
Q

What is the Purpose of Meiosis 2?

A

Equal Distribution

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4
Q

How does genetic variation happen?

A

Different variations of the same cells

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5
Q

When does genetic variation happen?

A

Synapsis and Prophase 1

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6
Q

What processes can cause genetic variation?

A

Crossing Over, Independent Assortment, and Fertilization

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7
Q

Independent Assortment

A

any variations of reduction into 4 cells

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8
Q

Meiosis

A

2 divisions

Replication before Meiosis 1

Synapsis is Prophase 1

4 haploids

not identical

reproductive cells

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9
Q

Mitosis

A

1 division

Growth and Repair

replication in interphase

2 identical cells

Body cells

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10
Q

Haploid

A

1 chromosome

Symbol n

Gametes are haploid

Meoisis

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11
Q

Diploid

A

2 Chromosomes

Symbol of 2n

Somatic are diploid

Mitosis

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12
Q

Cellular Differentiation

A

Unspecialized cells develope specialized

(Twin studies of how they are similar but not identical)

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13
Q

How do Mendel’s Law apply to genetics?

A

Segregation - Traits don’t influence each other

Independent - hybrid of both parents

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14
Q

Law of Segregation

A

Genes are not connected

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15
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

Independent from parent cells

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16
Q

Genetic Recombination

A

New combination of genes

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17
Q

What processes contribute to Genetic Recombination?

A

Crossing Over and Independent Assortment

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18
Q

What are Sex-Linked Dominant?

A

More females

Males pass to daughters

1/2 offspring affected from mom

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19
Q

What are Sex-Linked Recessive?

A

More Males

All sons of mothers

All daughters carry

Skip Generations

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20
Q

How is incomplete dominance shown on Punnet Squares?

A

C^R C^r

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21
Q

How is Codominance shown on Punnet Squares?

A

B’B or B’B’

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22
Q

How is blood types shown on Punnet Squares?

A

I^a, I^b, i

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23
Q

Hierarchy Rabbits

A

Some certain organisms have a hierarchy of animal/fur colors

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24
Q

Examples of Sex-Linked Traits

A

Red Green Colorblindness

Hemophilia

Fragile X Syndrome

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25
Q

What is a Female and Males Phenotype?

A

Male - XY

Female - XX

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26
Q

Environmental Influences

A

Sunlight and Water - Skin color and # of offspring

Temperature - Animal Protection (Ex. if cold animal has fur)

Twin Studies - Understand Meiosis (Identical twins aren’t identical)

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27
Q

DNA Replication

A

1 - Unwinds with helicase

2 - Base Pairs with Polymerase

3 - Joining with Ligase (Form Double Helix)

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28
Q

Where does DNA Replication occur?

A

In Nucleus

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29
Q

How is DNA Replication a semi conservative?

A

1 strand from original molecule and other is newly synthesized

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30
Q

Prokaryotic Replication

A

Circular stand Opens with one origin of replication

Short

2 Directions

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31
Q

Eukaryotic Replication

A

Multiple areas (One Strand)

Long

Open in 2 directions

32
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

Pairs Bases together for new DNA molecules

33
Q

Transcription

A

DNA to RNA

Occurs in Nucleus

1 - DNA unzips

2 - RNA Polymerase binds

34
Q

Translation

A

RNA to Protein

Occurs in Ribosomes and Cytoplasm

1 - mRNA synthesizes

2 - Code Translates to proteins

3 - tRNA interprets

4 - Start and Stop codon

35
Q

What are Ribosomes?

A

Parts of ribosomes come together and attach t mRNA to complement codons

Site E - Exits Ribosomes

Site P and A - Bond Amino Acids

36
Q

mRNA

A

Sends and Receives codes

36
Q

rRNA

A

Creates ribosomes

37
Q

tRNA

A

Reads mRNA codes -> Amino Acid Codes

37
Q

RNA Polymerase

A

Regulates RNA synthesis

38
Q

Gene Regulation

A

The turning on and off of a gene

39
Q

Point Mutation

A

Single Error

40
Q

Frameshift Mutation

A

Translation gets offset

41
Q

Chromosomal Mutation

A

Messes up whole chromosome

42
Q

Silent Mutation

A

No change

43
Q

Missense Mutation

A

Changes Amino Acid

44
Q

Nonsense Mutation

A

Stop Codon

45
Q

Insertion Mutation

A

Puts in More

46
Q

Deletion Mutation

A

Gets rid of parts

47
Q

Duplication

A

Duplicates sections

48
Q

Inversion

A

Section gets flipped

49
Q

Deletion

A

Section is deleted

50
Q

Insertion

A

Section is added

51
Q

Translocation

A

Section is put into another Chromosome

52
Q

Body Cell Mutation

A

Escapes repair

Nor passed to next

Neutral mutations

Somatic

53
Q

Sex Cell Mutation

A

Passed onto offspring

Don’t affect Function

Sperm Cells

54
Q

Genome

A

Total DNA in each cell

55
Q

Restriction ENzyme

A

Cuts DNA into Fragments

56
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

Newly made DNA fragment

57
Q

Plasmids

A

small

cicular

double stranded DNA

Vector

58
Q

DNA ligase

A

Links DNA fragments together

59
Q

Precambrain

A

First 4 billion years

Formed Earth

60
Q

Paleozoic

A

Ended with Mass extinction of 90% of marines

61
Q

Mesozoic

A

Mammals and dinosaurs appeared

Flowers plants

Pangaea broke

Mass extinction of Dinosaurs

62
Q

Cenozoic

A

Mammals dominant

More diverse

63
Q

Where are we now in Geological time?

A

Phanerozoic, Cenozoic, Quaternary, Holocene

64
Q

Biggest to Smallest in Time Scale

A

Eon, Era, Period, Epoch

65
Q

Where did Darwin create his theory?

A

Mission on Beagle

Found fossils and bones

66
Q

What was observed no the Galapagos island?

A

Birds (Mockingbird and Finches)

Turtles

67
Q

Supporting of Natural Selection

A

Show variation (Inherited)

More young to survive

Variation increases

68
Q

Origin Of Species

A

Alfred Russel Wallace

Natural selection produces new variations

69
Q

Comparative Molecular Biology

A

DNA, RNA, and ATP similarities of species

70
Q

Consequences of adaptions (Examples)

A

Unavoidable consquences

Antibiotics becoming resistant

71
Q

Ancestral Traits

A

Shared by species with common ancestor

72
Q

Hershey and Chase

A

Idea that DNA made of proteins and nucleic acids

73
Q

Watson and Crick

A

Developed idea of double helix

Father of DNA

Won Nobel Prize

Worked with Franklin

74
Q

Franklin

A

Used radiology to be able to prove double helix

Worked with Watson and Crick

75
Q

Chargoff

A

Developed Base paris

Biology (1 decks)

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