circ system

Question 1

blood

Answer 1

)ONLY FLUID TISSUE IN BODY
-this enables it to circulate through heart, arteries, capillaries and veins.
-takes nourishment and O2 to cells takes away waste
-

Question 2

plasma

Answer 2

• contains ions and proteins

- 90% water

Question 3

plasma protein- Albumin

Answer 3

transports, maintains osmotic pressure

Question 4

plasma protein-Globulin

Answer 4

antibodies-protects against foreign things

-transport

Question 5

Fibrinogen

Answer 5

clotting- becomes visible during clotting

Question 6

function of blood

Answer 6

regulates- temp, pH, fluid volume
transport-gases, nutrients, waste
protection- against blood loss and protection

Question 7

RBC- Erythocytes

Answer 7

Are biconcave shaped cells, that carry O2 and CO2, only live 120 days, they determine blood trpe.

Question 8

RBC shape

Answer 8

Biconcave due to loss of nucleus before entering bloodstream, shape gives maximum surface area for gas exchange, plus maximum flexibility for navigating through small spaces.

Question 9

Inside cell membrane of RBC

Answer 9

red pigment called hemoglobin- 4 heme group, blood is bright red whn carrying oxygen -4 globin groups- protein part, darker blood and 4 iron molecules which carry the oxygen- rbc can have 1 bilion oxygen molecules.

Question 10

erythrocyte production

Answer 10

1-born in born in red bone marrow
2-kidney releases erythropoiten-stimulis for bone marrow (homeostatic)
3-120 days cells loose flexibility, get stuck on liver or spleen and die
4-haemaglobin is split into heme and globin
5-heme is made into iron and resused and stored or a pigment called biliruben and excreted in faeces
6-globin is broken down and reused

Question 11

Never let monkeys eat bananas

Answer 11

neutrophils
lymphocytes
monocytes
Eosinophils
basophils
In order of what there is the most of in wbc

Question 12

Leukocytes

Answer 12

defend against disease, leave and return to the bloodstream, less than 1% of blood volume- every 1000 Rbc to 1 wbc

Question 13

Neutrophils

Answer 13

• polymorphic microphages- engulf bacteria then die
• 1st to arrive to site of acute infection
• 60-70% commmon

Question 14

lymphocytes

Answer 14

B cells produce antibodies

T cells protect against viral infection cells- cancer

Question 15

monocytes

Answer 15

largest, leaves vessel to become microphage-engulfs bacteria to survive

Question 16

Eosinphils

Answer 16

• destroys worms
• destroys antigen complexes
• lessens severity of inflammation

Question 17

basophils

Answer 17

rare
stimulates inflammation by releasing histamine
secretes herapin- anticoagulent

Question 18

platelets

Answer 18

• fragments of large cells

- aid clotting by forming temporary plug before the clot can form

Question 19

systematic circulation

Answer 19

blood moves from heart to all cells and tissues and then back to the heart

Question 20

pulmonary circulation

Answer 20

carries blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

Question 21

lymphatic circulation

Answer 21

every single tissue in the body has fluid in it, this fluid constantly is removed ans replaced by lymphatic circulation

Question 22

walls of arteries and veins

Answer 22

tunic intima- innermost layer- endothelium
tunic media- middle layer-smooth muscle
tunic externa- outermost -connective tissue

Question 23

veins

Answer 23

-carry blood to the heart, systematic veins carry de-oxygenated blood.
they are reservoirs, that have low blood pressure - so valves are required which are the folds of the tunica intima, these valves ensure no backflow of blood.

Question 24

venules

Answer 24

blood drains from capillaries into venules, which then empty into veins

Question 25

capillaries

Answer 25

• destination of transport substances due to holes in there thin endothelial membrane layer, exchange of substances occur here between tissue and blood.
• capillaries occur in beds (like spiderwebs) for parallel flow. these beds are either bypassed or not, depending on amount of pressure needed.

Question 26

Arterioles

Answer 26

smallest arteries, carry blood into capillaries. Regulate flow into capillary.

• diameter gets smaller (vasoconstriction) because drag of blood against wall increases.
• diameter gets larger (vasodilatation) increased flow into working tissue

Question 27

lumen

Answer 27

is the space through which blood flows lumen diameter is altered by constriction and dilation

Question 28

vessels

Answer 28

have same 3 tunics as veins, have thinner walls with more internal veins.
-collecting vessels in the skin travel with superficial veins
-deep vessels travel with arteries
function- collect lymph from lymph nodes, carry lymph to and away from lymph nodes

Question 29

lymphatic capillary structure

Answer 29

-begin as blind ended tubes
-easily opened flap like mini valves
-located throughout the body except in bone marrow, bone, teeth and nervous system
FUNCTION
return excess fluid and leaked protein to blood
carry absorbed fat from intestine to blood

Question 30

how lymphatic capillaries are formed

Answer 30

-at capillary beds fluid is forced out of blood
- most is reabsorbed
some fluid is left in space between tissues and vascular cappilaries (3L/day of IF (intersitial fluid))
-this fluid plus leaked plasma protein enters lymph capillary
- this is now a lymph capillary and is returned to blood

Question 31

lymph node structure

Answer 31

vary in size and shape, most are bean shaped. they have more afferent vessels entering them than efferent ones leaving at the hilus. they have 2 regions medulla (central core contains phagotic microphages) and cortex (outer part of node, covered by fibrous capsule, has collection of lymphocytes B and T cells).

Question 32

Function of lymph node

Answer 32

filters lymph before it returns to blood, slows flow through lymph node to allow antigen removal and protection. Defense cells such as macrophages (engulf and destroy foreign substances (antigens)) and lymphocytes (B and T) provide immune response to antigens) are located within node.

Question 33

inflamatory response

Answer 33

second line of defense to damaged skin, 4 signs Heat, Pain, Swelling, Redness, inflammation leads to a chain of events leading to protection and healing.