CI2 Normal Values

Question 2

Tidal volume (Vt)

Answer 2

Air inhaled or exhaled during a single normal breath

Question 3

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Answer 3

Maximum amount of air that can be inspired on top of a normal tidal inspiration

Question 4

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Answer 4

Maximum amount of air that can be exhaled following a normal tidal expiration

Question 5

Residual volume (TLC)

Answer 5

Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiration

Question 6

Total lung capacity (TLC)

Answer 6

Total volume of lungs at the end of maximal inspiration

Question 7

Vital capacity (VC)

Answer 7

Maximum amount of air that can be inspired and expired in a single breath

Question 8

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

Answer 8

Volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of normal tidal expiration

Question 9

Costophrenic angle

Answer 9

Where the diaphragm meets the ribs

Question 10

Abnormal breath sounds (bronchial breathing)

Answer 10

Occurs when air is replaced by solid tissue, which transmits sound more clearly. e.g, consolidation, areas of collapse, pleural effusion

Question 11

Diminished breath sounds

Answer 11

If air entry is compromised by an obstruction or decreased airflow. e.g. pneumothorax, pleural effusion, emphysema, collapse, obesity, difficulty breathing

Question 12

Crackles

Answer 12

Occur when airways that have been narrowed or closed (usually by secretions) are suddenly forced open on inspiration.

Question 13

Fine crackles

Answer 13

Crackles originating from small, distal airways

Question 14

Coarse crackles

Answer 14

Crackles originating from large, proximal airways

Question 15

Wheeze

Answer 15

Caused by air being forced through narrowed or compressed airways. e.g. bronchospasm, muscosal oedema, sputum retention.

Question 16

Pleural rub

Answer 16

Sound heard when pleural surfaces are inflamed or infected, or become rough and rub together. Creates creaking or grating sound heard equally in inspiration and expiration.

Question 17

Respiratory acidosis (uncompensated)

Answer 17

Decreased pH, increased PaCO2

Question 18

Metabolic acidosis (uncompensated)

Answer 18

Decreased pH, decreased HCO3

Question 19

Respiratory alkalosis (uncompensated)

Answer 19

Increased pH, decreased PaCO2

Question 20

Metabolic alkalosis (uncompensated)

Answer 20

Increased pH, increased HCO3

Question 21

Controlled mechanical ventilation (CMV)

Answer 21

Ventilator performs all work of breathing with breathing parameters preset

Question 22

Central venous pressure (CVP)

Answer 22

Measured near right atrium within the superior vena cava. Information about circulating blood volume, effectiveness of heart pump, vascular tone and venous return.

Question 23

Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP)

Answer 23

Pressure required to ensure adequate blood supply to the brain. MAP - ICP

Question 24

Ejection fraction

Answer 24

Stroke volume as a % of total volume of the ventricle before systolic contraction

Question 25

Intracranial pressure (ICP)

Answer 25

Pressure from the brain tissue, CSF and blood volume within the skull and meninges. Rises in ICP cause decreased blood supply to the brain.

Question 26

Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

Answer 26

Average pressure of blood being pushed through the circulatory system. Relates to cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance and tissue perfusion pressure.

Question 27

Benefits of lung positioning

Answer 27

Maximize lung volumes, increase lung compliance, improve ventilation/perfusion ratio, reduce work of breathing, aid secretion removal and cough. Bad lung up!

Question 28

Entry options for airway suction

Answer 28

1) nose - nasopharyngeal2) mouth - oropharyngeal3) tracheostomy