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Cardiothoracic Interventions > CI Terminology > Flashcards

CI Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

Tidal volume (Vt)

A

Air inhaled or exhaled during a single normal breath

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2
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

Maximum amount of air that can be inspired on top of a normal tidal inspiration

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3
Q

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

Maximum amount of air that can be exhaled following a normal tidal expiration

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4
Q

Residual volume (TLC)

A

Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal expiration

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5
Q

Total lung capacity (TLC)

A

Total volume of lungs at the end of maximal inspiration

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6
Q

Vital capacity (VC)

A

Maximum amount of air that can be inspired and expired in a single breath

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7
Q

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

A

Volume of air remaining in the lungs at the end of normal tidal expiration

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8
Q

Costophrenic angle

A

Where the diaphragm meets the ribs

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9
Q

Abnormal breath sounds (bronchial breathing)

A

Occurs when air is replaced by solid tissue, which transmits sound more clearly. e.g, consolidation, areas of collapse, pleural effusion

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10
Q

Diminished breath sounds

A

If air entry is compromised by an obstruction or decreased airflow. e.g. pneumothorax, pleural effusion, emphysema, collapse, obesity, difficulty breathing

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11
Q

Crackles

A

Occur when airways that have been narrowed or closed (usually by secretions) are suddenly forced open on inspiration.

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12
Q

Fine crackles

A

Crackles originating from small, distal airways

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13
Q

Coarse crackles

A

Crackles originating from large, proximal airways

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14
Q

Wheeze

A

Caused by air being forced through narrowed or compressed airways. e.g. bronchospasm, muscosal oedema, sputum retention.

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15
Q

Pleural rub

A

Sound heard when pleural surfaces are inflamed or infected, or become rough and rub together. Creates creaking or grating sound heard equally in inspiration and expiration.

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16
Q

Respiratory acidosis (uncompensated)

A

Decreased pH, increased PaCO2

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17
Q

Metabolic acidosis (uncompensated)

A

Decreased pH, decreased HCO3

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18
Q

Respiratory alkalosis (uncompensated)

A

Increased pH, decreased PaCO2

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19
Q

Metabolic alkalosis (uncompensated)

A

Increased pH, increased HCO3

20
Q

Controlled mechanical ventilation (CMV)

A

Ventilator performs all work of breathing with breathing parameters preset

21
Q

Central venous pressure (CVP)

A

Measured near right atrium within the superior vena cava. Information about circulating blood volume, effectiveness of heart pump, vascular tone and venous return.

22
Q

Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP)

A

Pressure required to ensure adequate blood supply to the brain. MAP - ICP

23
Q

Ejection fraction

A

Stroke volume as a % of total volume of the ventricle before systolic contraction

24
Q

Intracranial pressure (ICP)

A

Pressure from the brain tissue, CSF and blood volume within the skull and meninges. Rises in ICP cause decreased blood supply to the brain.

25
Q

Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

A

Average pressure of blood being pushed through the circulatory system. Relates to cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance and tissue perfusion pressure.

26
Q

Benefits of lung positioning

A

Maximize lung volumes, increase lung compliance, improve ventilation/perfusion ratio, reduce work of breathing, aid secretion removal and cough. Bad lung up!

27
Q

Entry options for airway suction

A

1) nose - nasopharyngeal
2) mouth - oropharyngeal
3) tracheostomy

28
Q

Steroids

A

Reduce inflammatory response

e.g. hydrocortisone

29
Q

Mucolytics

A

Break down proteins within sputum, thereby reducing viscosity and enhancing clearance
e.g. pulmozyme

30
Q

Diuretics

A

Cause increased urine production to reduce total body fluid load
e.g. fruzemide

31
Q

Anti-hypertensives

A

Reduce blood pressure through vasodilation

e.g, captopril

32
Q

Sedatives

A

Reduce the alertness of the patient, often used in conjunction with analgesia
e.g. midazolam, diazepam

33
Q

Antibiotics

A

Directly fight bacterial infections

e.g. penicillin

34
Q

Inotropes

A

Increase blood pressure through enhanced contractility of the heart or widespread vasoconstriction
e.g. adrenaline, noradrenaline, dobutamine

35
Q

Anti-coagulants

A

Reduce the clotting levels of the blood

e.g. warfarin, heparin

36
Q

Bronchodilators

A

Relax the smooth muscle of the airways

e.g. salbutamol, ventolin

37
Q

Anti-arrhythmics

A

Stabilize the cardiac muscle to control abnormal rhythms (e.g. atrial flutter)
e.g. amiodarone, metoprolol (a beta blocker)

38
Q

Anti-emetics

A

Reduce nausea, specifically vomiting

e.g. maxolon

39
Q

Analgesics

A

Interfere with the reception of pain signals

e.g. oxycodone, endone, aspirin, morphine

40
Q

Reason for diminished breath sounds

A

Hyper inflation, small pleural effusion, shallow breathing, small pneumothorax, obesity

41
Q

Reasons for absent breath sounds

A

No air entry - large pnemothorax, obesity, obstruction, severe bronchospasm

42
Q

Reason for bronchial breath sounds

A

Loss of normal air/alveolar interface, i.e. lung becomes solid = Darth Vader sound - pneumonia, lung contusion, segmental collapse, consolidation, collapse of peripheral bronchi.

43
Q

Reasons for coarse crackles

A

Sputum, secretions

44
Q

Reasons for coarse or fine crackles

A

Collapse, pulmonary oedema, surgical emphysema, interstitial fibrosis

45
Q

Reasons for wheezes

A

Bronchospasms, secretions or sputum plug, tumour obstructing airway, diffuse airway obstruction

46
Q

SIMV

A

Synchronised intermittent mandatory ventilation - boosts spontaneous breaths of patient whilst maintaining minimums for breathing

47
Q

4 criteria of extubation

A

1) Can the patient breathe on command
2) Does the patient have a strong cough (including in response to suction)
3) Does the patient have excess secretions
4) Is the patient alert and able to cooperate with PT
2/4 = borderline.

Cardiothoracic Interventions (4 decks)

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