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OCR A Level - Britain 1930-97 > Churchill > Flashcards

Churchill Flashcards

1
Q

What period did George V reign?

A

1910-1936.

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2
Q

He was an example of a perfect…?

A

constitutional monarch.

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3
Q

Why was his son David(Edward VIII) less respected?

A

playboy and he made political comments.

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4
Q

Who did he want to marry and why was it controversial?

A

Wallis Simpson, she was a twice-divorced American

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5
Q

Why was the issue of marriage to a divorcee an issue for Edward VII?

A

Edward was the head of the church and the church didn’t endorse divorce.

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6
Q

What did Stanley Baldwin believe(PM)?

A

the country wouldn’t want Wallis as Queen.

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7
Q

What was the cabinet’s response to the proposed morganatic marriage?

A

they refused it and threatened to resign the government.

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8
Q

Did Churchill support the King? Evidence?

A

yes as he was a member of “The King’s Friends”

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9
Q

When was Churchill’s biggest mistake?

A

December 1936.

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10
Q

What was Churchill’s biggest mistake?

A

he misjudged the mood of commons and made a pro-king speech which was shouted down. Baldwin had ‘whipped’ tories to vote for King’s abdication.

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11
Q

Did Churchill agree with appeasement?

A

No.

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12
Q

What event persuaded his lack of appeasement?

A

Sudetenland.

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13
Q

What 3 options did he present to stop appeasement?

A

Grand Alliance, Rearmament and War in 1938.

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14
Q

What 3 arguments dissuaded rearmament?

A

Financial Priorities, Pacifism and 10-Year-Rule.

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15
Q

Why was the idea of war in 1938 rejected?

A

Lack of allies, the vulnerability of Empire and lack of support from MP’s e.g Halifax.

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16
Q

Who was in the proposed Grand Alliance?

A

USSR, the USA, Britain and France.

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17
Q

Why was the GA unrealistic for USSR?

A

Spanish civil war and Churchill’s previous comments.

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18
Q

Why was the GA unrealistic for the USA?

A

Isolationism and the Great Depression.

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19
Q

Why was the GA unrealistic for Britain?

A

Pacifism.

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20
Q

Why was the GA unrealistic for France?

A

Pacifism.

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21
Q

When did the British ‘Raj’ begin?

A

1858.

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22
Q

What pro-Indian independence group form in 1885?

A

Indian National Congress.

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23
Q

What year was the Amritsar massacre?

A

1919.

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24
Q

Who was the leader of the INC in the 1920s?

A

Gandhi.

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25
Q

What happened in London in 1930-31?

A

Conferences over greater Indian control.

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26
Q

When was the Government of India Act?

A

1936.

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27
Q

When did the cries for Independence in India ramp up?

A

1920s & 30s.

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28
Q

Which groups of people demanded it?

A

Intellectuals and the masses

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29
Q

Why did Gandhi lead a protest to Amritsar?

A

The extension of police power.

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30
Q

How many people were killed at Amritsar?

A

Around 400.

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31
Q

What effect did this have on the independence movement?

A

They gained masses of new support.

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32
Q

Who did Churchill’’s view on Indian independence cause rifts with?

A

Baldwin and the Conservative Party.

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33
Q

Which proposals over Indian Independence did Churchill disagree with?

A

To give India Dominion of Empire status.

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34
Q

Which countries already had what was proposed for Indian independence?

A

Australia and South Africa (white governed).

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35
Q

What did Churchill believe Anglo-Saxons had (to do)?

A

Racial superiority and to develop ‘lesser’ people.

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36
Q

What did Churchill call India?

A

“Jewel in the crown” of the Empire.

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37
Q

Who did Churchill believe Britain was protecting in India?

A

Hindu elites dominating over Indian Muslims.

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38
Q

Who did Churchill try to make resign? How?

A

Samuel Hoare - Secretary of India and threatened to shatter the conservative party.

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39
Q

Who did Churchill call “malignant and subversive”?

A

Gandhi.

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40
Q

Which group did Churchill make a speech to in Dec. 1930?

A

‘The Indian Empire Society’ - reactionary imperial group.

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41
Q

Two further pieces of evidence Churchill held racist views.

A

Proposed poison gas of Afghans and Bengal famine.

42
Q

What were 3 positives on the 13th May 1940 for Churchill?

A

France had large forces, Churchill had allies in the cabinet and Italy wasn’t allied with Germany.

43
Q

Which two previous failures for Churchill portrayed him negatively?

A

WWI and the Norway Campaign.

44
Q

What happened on the 14th May 1940?

A

Germany broke Frech defences.

45
Q

What were 4 negatives by the 28th May?

A

Fear ob bombing from Germany, gold reserves were running out, 300,000 troops were stranded on Dunkirk and threat of Italy in Suez.

46
Q

When were troop son Dunkirk evacuated?

A

4th June 1940.

47
Q

What did some of the cabinet want vs. Churchill on the 28th May?

A

To negotiate with Italy and Germany but Churchill said no and made “beaches” speech.

48
Q

What caused the RAF to bomb Germany?

A

Their invasion of the Low countries.

49
Q

Why were British troops sent to Egypt?

A

To defend the Suez Canal from Italy.

50
Q

What happened on the 3rd July 1940?

A

The prevention of a French fleet falling into German hands.

51
Q

Why was Churchill perceived as one of the ‘greatest military powers the word had seen’?

A

He carried on fighting with no allies.

52
Q

What did the Germans believe would happen at the Battle of Britain?

A

Loss of British morale.

53
Q

Was morale lowered?/If no what did they do?

A

No. In Sept. 1940 started bombing RAF bases.

54
Q

When was the BoB launched?

A

August 1940.

55
Q

What famous Churchill speech was made on the 20th of August 1940?

A

‘So many…so few’.

56
Q

Who was the head of the RAF fighter command?

A

Sir Hugh Dowding.

57
Q

What two things did Dowding oppose from Churchill which led to victory?

A

Send squadrons to France/ all-out attack on day 2.

58
Q

Which two governments developed Spitfires and Hurricanes?

A

MacDonald and Baldwin.

59
Q

What 2 things showed Churchill to be a weak leader after the BoB?

A

Failed to prevent Dowding being sacked/ said his contributions were ‘just words’.

60
Q

What 4 things showed a remarkable achievement had been gained by Britain still being in the War by the end of 1940?

A

determined to prevent negotiations, victories in North Africa, Battle of Britain and all of this was done with no commitment from the USA.

61
Q

When did the Suez Canal become a vital trade route for Britain?

A

1876

62
Q

Give two reasons why British leaders were worried about Italy.

A

1940 - Southern France invaded and Italian colony Libya bordered Egypt.

63
Q

Why was Churchill worried in 1942?

A

Russian forces were pushed back - Germans could gain influence in the Middle East - oil.

64
Q

What was his proposed solution?

A

Balkan Front - Greece, Yugoslavia and Turkey.

65
Q

Did it work? Why/Why not?

A

No - Greece pushed back both British and Italian forces.

66
Q

Who led the German Afrika Korps?

A

General Rommel.

67
Q

Why did Britain triumph in the battle of El Alamein in 1942?

A

Germans were short of supplies and men.

68
Q

Give two reasons why the US General Marshall disagreed with the Mediterranean strategy.

A

Believed we needed to focus on Europe and that Churchill was just trying to protect Empire not win the war.

69
Q

Why was the 1943 invasion of Sicily puzzling?

A

Many countries in the Med were in allied hands and Italy had been weakened by 1943.

70
Q

Why did Stalin see the war in Italy as disrespectful?

A

Believed Churchill was putting off opening a second front and Russia was enduring the majority of the casualties.

71
Q

Name four of Churchill’s generals.

A

Wavell, Auchinleck, Montgomery and Brooke.

72
Q

Why was Churchill so heavily involved in his Minister of defence role?

A

He believed he was a good strategist as he fought in colonial wars and WWI as well as not wanting to repeat WWI.

73
Q

Did Churchill like Wavell?

A

No.

74
Q

Why was he demoted?

A

He was defeated in Greece even though he had been given no time to prepare.

75
Q

Did Churchill like Auchinleck?

A

No.

76
Q

Why was he sacked?

A

His lack of aggression and delays.

77
Q

Did Churchill like Montgomery?

A

Yes.

78
Q

Which battle did Montgomery ‘win’?

A

El Alamein.

79
Q

Who should have got the credit for Montgomery’s ‘win’?

A

Auchinleck.

80
Q

Who was Sir Alan Brooke?

A

Field Marshal.

81
Q

Did Churchill like Brooke?

A

No.

82
Q

Did Churchill and Brooke work well together?

A

Yes.

83
Q

What contributed to a left-ward trend in the 1940s?

A

Influence of Trade Unions and USSR’s contribution to the victory in WWII.

84
Q

When did the 1945 election take place?

A

5th July 1945.

85
Q

When were the 1945 results available? Why then?

A

26th July 1945 - servicemen’s votes overseas.

86
Q

What had Labour been leading in since 1943 until the 1945 election?

A

By-elections.

87
Q

What economic strategy became more desirable because of WWII?

A

Nationalisation.

88
Q

What inspires middle-class people that things had to changes in the 1940s?

A

The integration of lower-class people made them more sympathetic to their situations.

89
Q

Three key labour politicians during WWII and their roles.

A

Clement Atlee - Deputy Prime Minister, Ernest Bevin - Minister of Labour and Herbert Morrison - Home Secretary.

90
Q

Which report worked in favour of for Labour in the 1945 election?

A

Beveridge.

91
Q

What % of servicemen did RAF Chief, Marshal Tedder say to Churchill would vote for Labour in the 1945 election vs. not at all?

A

Labour - 80% - Not at all - 20%

92
Q

What two groups split the Tory party before the 1945 election? Which one did Churchill fall into?

A

Pro-reformers and anti-reformers, e.g. Churchill.

93
Q

What report furthered the split of the Tory party during the 1945 election campaign? Why was Churchill scared of this report?

A

Beveridge Report. He feared higher taxes and the extension of state intervention.

94
Q

Why was £3000 not enough for the Tory Party 1945 election campaign?

A

They had spent £30,000 in 1935.

95
Q

What was the fundamental flaw in the 1945 Tory campaign? Why?

A

Based on Churchill and the war. The public had to differentiate war vs peacetime leader themselves.

96
Q

What speech infuriated the public and Labour before the 1945 election?

A

Churchill’s ‘Gestapo’ speech.

97
Q

What type of Tory activism was non-existent during the 1945 election campaign?

A

Local - until a few months before the election.

98
Q

What were Churchill’s struggles in the party during 1945?

A

He had previously been in the ‘wilderness’ and he had no power base in the party.

99
Q

How old was Churchill in 1945?

A

70.

100
Q

Why did the Tory party have a lack of official policies going into the 1945 election?

A

There was a focus on internationalism and the threats of the USSR.

101
Q

What did Churchill warn against without making any solid domestic policies during the 1945 election campaign?

A

Increased government involvement in socioeconomic affairs.

OCR A Level - Britain 1930-97 (1 decks)

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