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Church History Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Erasmus

A

Born in Holland, ordained to priesthood (Augustinian order), Studied in Paris and taught at Cambridge. Worked on Greek New Testament. Believed in the importance of reform through education in Greek, Latin, the Classics, and New Testament.

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2
Q

Luther

A

German Augustinian Monk, taught at the University of Wittenberg, big part of the reformation, Nailed 95 Theses to the Wittenberg Cathedral on October 31, 1517 saying mainly the sale of indulgences was wrong and exploitative of the economy of the German nation and Luther believed the pope had no authority over purgatory.

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3
Q

Zwingli

A

one who birthed the “reformed faith”, a theologian of the Bible believing in “Sola Scirptura”. He ojected to the use of Swiss mercenaries—opposed Pope, denounced indulgence and fasting laws, said priestly celibacy was not Biblical; married Anna Reinhardt.

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4
Q

Calvin

A

Reformer, spent much time as pastor in Geneva, wrote The Institutes of the Christian Religion, believed in predestination (see 5 points question).

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5
Q

Melanchthon

A

A colleague and disciple of Luther, took part it Colloquium of Regensburg (which succeed on crafting an agreement on justification: God is the sole source of salvation and Good works are a necessary response to God’s act of bringing salvation).

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6
Q

Bullinger

A

Part of Swiss Confederation

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7
Q

Isabella

A

part of the catholic reformation and took throne of Castile in Spain (in 1474).

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8
Q

Ignatius of Loyola

A

was a soldier, but hung up his sword, giving it over to Mary, and dedicated himself to be a soldier of the church. Part of the Jesuits, a New monastic order (Society of Jesus).

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9
Q

Leo X

A

pope who authorized Johan Tetzel, a German Dominican, to sell indulgences (which the money was used to finance the building of St. Peter’s in Rome). Part of Medici family.

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10
Q

Theodore Beza

A

Founded Geneva Academy. John Calvin’s college and successor in Geneva and teacher of Jacob Arminus.

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11
Q

Martin Bucer

A

Calvin’s mentor in Strasbourg and greatly influenced Calvin’s views on the nature of the reformed church especially in relation to issues of civil polity and discipline.

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12
Q

Servetus

A

Spanish physician who denied the Trinity. Calvin charges with heresy. He is burned at the stake.

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13
Q

Arminius

A

Part of synod of Dort which decided that predestination was based on for knowledge of God. A professor was asked to refute an unorthodox teaching on predestination, but found himself defending the very views he had been commissioned to defeat. Arminius became uncomfortable with the sovereignty of God in grace, uncomfortable with a view that now appeared to him to limit the free offer of the gospel and the responsibility of man. He no longer accepted the classical view of original sin, believing instead that people were capable of choosing the good.

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14
Q

Henry VIII

A

Church reforms under his rule. Sought to divorce wife, Catharine, but pope would not annul the marriage therefore Henry wanted autonomy from Rome. He convened parliament to reduce power and control of the church.

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15
Q

Thomas Cranmer

A

Archbishop of Canterbury, creator of the Book of Common Prayer

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16
Q

Sir Thomas More

A

Chancellor and friend of king and was unwilling to swear allegiance to king as head of church.

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17
Q

Bloody Mary

A

Mary I takes throne in 1553. Sought to restore Roman Catholicism. Persecuted Protestants (nearly 300 executed).

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18
Q

Elizabeth I

A

took throne in 1558. Sought to moderate Protestantism. Many exiles returned and brought reformed ideas to England.

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19
Q

John Knox

A

a pastor in Church of England during the Protestant rebellion. Went into exile in Geneva in 1554. “The first blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women”. Returns to Scotland in 1559.

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20
Q

Mary Stuart

A

the Queen of Scots, Married to Francis II of France

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21
Q

Menno Simons

A

abandoned priesthood and became Anabaptist. Wrote Foundation of Christian Doctrine.

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22
Q

James I

A

of Scotland, assumes English throne in 1603

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23
Q

John Smyth

A

pastor of a congregation outside the Church of England which was Illegal under English law. He was an English Baptist that viewed infant baptism as invalid. General Baptist.

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24
Q

Thomas Helwys

A

broke with Smyth over differences in theology and doctrine.

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25
Q

Charles I

A

Tired to rule England without Parliament, dissolved it because he was unpopular for his pro-Catholic and anti-Puritan leanings. Married Maria of France who was a Catholic.

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26
Q

Oliver Cromwell

A

in 1653 he assumes power as Lord Proector. Closes Rump Parliament, begins reforms of church and state. His goal was republic. Parliament won war against Charles I under Cromwell. He took over and the King was taken as a prisoner to Caversham Park.

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27
Q

William & Mary

A

the coregency over the Kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland, of spouses (and first-cousins) King William III & II and Queen Mary II.

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28
Q

John Milton

A

wrote Paradise Lost

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29
Q

John Bunyan

A

wrote Pilgrim’s Progress

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30
Q

George Fox

A

founder of the Quakers (Friends). Challenged many traditional Christian Views. He was unwilling to meet in secret, so thousands were imprisoned.

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31
Q

William Penn

A

Became a Quaker. Got a Royal land grant from Charles II (became Pennsylvania: city of brotherly love). Goal of complete religious freedom.

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32
Q

Rene Descartes

A

Part of the enlightenment (age of reason). Philosopical system rooted in universal doubt. Cogito, ergo sum (I think, therefore I am). Knowledge of self is starting point.

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33
Q

John Locke

A

believed all knowledge comes from experience (outer and inner). Empiricism. He believed Christianity’s essential truths could be known through proper use of reason and judgment. “A clear expression of truths and laws that others could have known by their natural faculties.”

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34
Q

David Hume

A

Atheist. His critique of empiricist rationalism undercut the foundations of Deism.

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35
Q

Immanuel Kant

A

wrote Critique of Pure Reason. We cannot know things as they are but only in terms our minds can grasp; thus, there is no completely objective knowledge. Cannot prove or deny existence of God based on reason alone.

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36
Q

Pietism

A

Emphasis on person devotion and religious experience. “Pietism was a response to the dogmatism of the theologians and the dogmatism of the theologian and the rationalism of the philosophers, both of which it contrasted with the living faith that is at the heart of Christianity.”

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37
Q

Emanuel Swedenborg

A

believed that everything that exists is a reflection of the attributes of God, and therefore the visible world corresponds with the invisible one. Thought his visions (which began in 1744) were what the Bible meant by the second coming.

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38
Q

Philip Jakob Spener

A

father of Pietism. Small group Bible studies and devotional groups—“college of piety” Minimized difference between clergy and laity.

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39
Q

Zinzendorf

A

Sanctuary to the Hussites from Moravia. Moravians became known for missionary zeal. Later broke with Lutherans and became the Moravian church.

40
Q

George Whitefield

A

Wesley joined him in preaching ministry, but they slip over theological ties.

41
Q

John Wesley

A

influenced by Moravians en route to Georgia. In Oxford he founded religious society (holy clubs, Methodists) Failed as a Anglican priest in Georgia.

42
Q

Francis Asbury

A

Rebuilt church after the Revolution.

43
Q

Ralph Waldo Emerson

A

Transcendentalism: Combined rationalism with Romanticism. Spark of divine found in each person—emphasis on goodness of humanity.

44
Q

Roger Williams

A

Came to Massachusetts in 1631. He opposed church-state ties, exploitation of Indians. He founded Providence colony—would become Rhode Island. First Baptist Church in America.

45
Q

Jonathan Edwards

A

Preached need for personal conversion. Sinners in the hand of an angry God.

46
Q

William Wilberforce

A

was an English politician, philanthropist, and a leader of the movement to abolish the slave trade.

47
Q

John Newton

A

Wrote amazing grace.

48
Q

John Cotton

A

leading Puritan clergyman in New England, defender of Congregationalism, and millenarian theologian.

49
Q

Richard Allen

A

was a minister, educator, and writer, and the founder in 1816 of the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME), the first independent black denomination in the United States.

50
Q

Dwight L. Moody

A

was an American evangelist and publisher who founded the Moody Church, Northfield School and Mount Hermon School in Massachusetts (now Northfield Mount Hermon School), the Moody Bible Institute and Moody Publishers.

51
Q

Joseph Smith

A

as an American religious leader and the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, the predominant branch of which is Mormonism.

52
Q

William Seymour

A

“evening light Saints”: a group in Cincinnati. Moved to California and founded a church based on the principles he learned in St Louis and Texas. The church was called, the “Apostolic Faith Mission,” located on Azusa Street in LA. From here Pentecostalism spread rapidly through the US.

53
Q

Carl F.H. Henry

A

Wrote a manifesto of neo-evangelicalism called, Uneasy Conscience of Modern Fundamentalism (1947) in which he “argued that fundamentalism presented and proclaimed an impoverished and reduced gospel that was radically defective in its social vision. Fundamentalism, he suggested, was too otherworldly and anti-intellectual to gain a hearing with the educated public. It shoed no interest in exploring the relationship between Christianity and culture and social life.”

54
Q

W.B. Johnson

A

1st SBC President.

55
Q

William Screven

A

First pastor of First Baptist Church of Charleston, SC.

56
Q

Humanism

A

resurgence of interest in Greek and Roman thought and literature during the renaissance. Humanism is a cultural movement based on the reappropration of classical literature and the “humanities”: mathematics, dialectics, grammar, rhetoric, and philosophy.

57
Q

Reformation

A

it was a religious revolution whose leading figures expressed an intensely theocentric perspective in their writings. The Reformers juxtaposed the power, majesty, and holiness of God with human weakness and sinfulness.

58
Q

Eucharist

A

the Lord’s supper. Zwingli and Luther different on it: Real presence of Christ vs. symbolic presence.

59
Q

Counter-Reformation

A

response to protestant teachings and practices of the reformation.

60
Q

Jesuits

A

New monastic order, Society of Jesus. The Society of Jesus the greatest single force in Catholicism’s campaign to recapture the spiritual domains seized by Protestantism.

61
Q

Geneva

A

Under William Farel’s preaching and leadership the council of the city of Geneva accepted the principles of the Protestant Reformation. Calvin was persuaded to stay as the “reader (lector) of Holy Scripture”.

62
Q

Institutes of Christian Religion

A

written by Calvin. The first edition was published in Basel. Six chapters of the chapters were written in Latin. The final volumes were published in 1560. There are 80 chapters in four volumes.

63
Q

Council of Trent

A

Systematic rebuttals to main Protestant assertions: “Trent appears most as a Counter-Reformation force in its dogmatic conclusions, for many of these were aimed directly at main assertions of the Protestants.”

64
Q

95 Theses

A

written by Luther. Nailed to the door of the Wittenberg Cathedral. Main points: 1) the sale of indulgences was exploitative of the economy of the German nation. Luther accused the pope of building St Peter’s out of the “skin, flesh, and bones of his sheep.” 2) The pope had no authority over purgatory, and even if he did, forcing people to pay their way out was contrary to Christian charity.

65
Q

Ecclesiastical Ordinance

A

basic structure of the Presbyterianism (of church in Geneva).

66
Q

Marburg Colloquy

A

was a meeting at Marburg Castle which attempted to solve a dispute between Zwingli and Luther over the Lord’s Supper: Consubstantiation or memorial?

67
Q

Anabaptists

A

Re-baptizers

68
Q

Synod of Dort

A

Jacob Arminius was asked to refute an unorthodox teaching on predestination. Based on his teachings the Synod of Dort decided predestination was based on foreknowledge of God (different from the orthodox view of the day).

69
Q

5 Points of Calvinism

A

TULIP (Total Depravity, Unconditional Election, Limited Atonement, Irresistible Grace, Perseverance of the Saints)

70
Q

Munster

A

the Anabaptists in Munster gathered in Strasbourg. Muster offered tolerance.

71
Q

Book of Common Prayer

A

Written by Thomas Cranmer, the Archbishop of Canterbury

72
Q

Radical Reformation

A

wanted to break ties between church and state, rejected infant baptism; advocated believer’s baptism. Egalitarian, Pacifists, first seen in Zurich—the Brethren. Faced opposition from both Protestants and Catholics. January 25, 1525 was first baptisms of new church.

73
Q

Mennonites

A

Pacifists; no military service. Largest branch of Anabaptists today.

74
Q

Confession of Schleitheim

A

Baptism, the ban, communion, separation, pastors, non-violence, oaths.

75
Q

King James Bible

A

Authorized Version by king James in 1611

76
Q

Puritans

A

sought to purify the Church of England by a return to biblical models of worship and church life.

77
Q

Hampton Court Conference

A

King rejected all Puritan proposals for reform except one. New translation of the English Bible—King James Bible.

78
Q

Geneva Bible

A

Bishops Bible

79
Q

New Model Army

A

in the English Civil war and was led by Oliver Cromwell for Parliament. Defeated the scots, recaptures King, and purge of Parliament.

80
Q

Enlightenment

A

the age of reason. Philosophical system rooted universal doubt. Knowledge of self is starting point.

81
Q

Empiricism

A

the theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience. The epistemology represent the found of what philosophers called empiricism: ideas enter the mind only through experience, sensation, and reflection.

82
Q

Deism

A

Not atheists, but they also rejected the claims of religious orthodoxy. Deists believed in the existence of a divine being; thought knowledge of God came not through revelation but through observation of nature and historical events.

83
Q

Half-Way Covenant

A

those who had been baptized but not converted.

84
Q

First Great Awakening

A

Movement of the Sprit. Pietists in Germany; Methodists in Britain.

85
Q

Unitarianism

A

stresses individual freedom of belief and rejects the Trinity. Enlightenment rationalism. Abandoned Christian doctrine while retaining moral teachings. Came mostly from Anglicans and Congregationalists. Rationalists who emphasized human freedom.

86
Q

Second Great Awakening

A

Early 1800s, new wave of revivals, Missionary & reform institutions, Frontier revivalism – camp meetings, Millennialism – Adventist movements.

87
Q

Universalist

A

believes that all humankind will eventually be saved. Enlightenment rationalism. Abandoned Christian doctrine while retaining moral teachings. Came mostly from Anglicans and Congregationalists. Rationalists who emphasized human freedom.

88
Q

Restorationists

A

is the belief that Christianity should be restored along the lines of what is known about the apostolic early church, which restorationists see as the search for a more pure and more ancient form of the religion. Church of Christ, Disciples of Christ, Christians.

89
Q

Azusa Street Revival

A

Pentecostal revival in 190 at a church (“Apostolic Faith Mission”) located on Azusa Street in L.A. From here Pentecostalism spread.

90
Q

Modernists

A

disagree with the Fundamentalist doctrines. A Modernist considers himself to be a Christian, though he has accepted the new theology, a social gospel, and rejects the great doctrines of the faith as being theories or unimportant. The Modernist insists there are many gospels. The Modernist wants the church to be inclusive, with all manner of opinions and beliefs represented in it.

91
Q

Fundamentalism

A

those who opposed new scholarship called fundamentalists. Believes the Bible to be the Word of God. He is called a ‘Fundamentalist because he accepts the great foundation doctrines of the Christian religion. The Fundamentalist insists there is only one true Gospel. The Fundamentalist insists that the Church of Jesus Christ must be pure and present only the true faith.

92
Q

Mainline denominations

A

Methodists, Presbyterian, Lutheran.

93
Q

The Fundamentals

A

work defended the basics of biblical Christianity, including the truth that “Jesus Christ was God in human flesh, was born of a virgin, lived a sinless life, died on the cross for the salvation of men and women, rose from the dead, ascended into heaven, and would return at the end of the age in great glory; that sin is real and not the product of fevered imaginations; that God’s grace and not human effort is the source of salvation; and that the church is God’s institution designed to build up Christians and spread the Gospel.”

94
Q

Cooperative Program

A

what southern Baptists pay money to. Baptist missions money we give to distribute to different organizations.

95
Q

Triennial Convention

A

General Missionary Convention of the Baptist Denomination in the United States of America for Foreign Missions.

96
Q

Southern Baptist Convention

A

group of Baptist churches working together which was established in 1845 in Augusta GA.

Church History Final (1 decks)

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