Church History Final Flashcards
How did Pope Innocent and other great popes of the later 12th and 13th centuries view their offices?
They saw their office as a mediator between God and man, who “Shall judge all and be judged by no one.”
“The crusaders were fully aware of the spiritual rewards promised to them.” What was the primary spiritual reward?
Full forgiveness of their past sins.
What were the three “primary purposes of the crusades”?
- Win the Holy Land
- Check the advance of Islam
- Heal schism between the Eastern and Western Churches
Thomas Aquinas’ conviction of the divine sanction of the papacy led him to insist what?
He insisted that submission to the pope was necessary for salvation.
What did Aquinas teach to support the practice of indulgences that had gained prominence during the crusades? I.e. how did he logically justify indulgences?
Thanks to the work of Christ and the meritorious deeds of the saints, the church has access to a “treasury of merit” – a great spiritual reservoir. Priests may draw from this to aid Christians who have insufficient merit of their own.
What did the Waldenses have in common with other reformation movements? What made the Waldenses different from other reformation movements?
- Both were evangelical “back-to-the-Bible” movements
- But the Waldenses emphasized the ascetic life as a means of salvation and the reformers emphasized the grace of God as a means of salvation.
What three weapons did the Catholic Church have at its disposal against “heretics”?
- Preaching to return them to the truth
- A crusade to crush all hardened resistance
- The inquisition to uproot heresy completely
What was Dominic’s strategy for reaching the Albigenses?
The papally assigned preachers were depending upon their ecclesiastical pomp and dignity which the Albigenses considered such a show a sure sign of false religion. He believed that the heretics would listen if the preachers themselves were committed to poverty. To win the heretics, Dominic went forth among them as a poor man, barefoot and begging.
The Inquisitors were subject to no law, only ________. In 1252, they were even given the right to _________ as a means of getting information and confessions from accused heretics.
The Pope; Torture
What was the Babylonian Captivity of the papacy?
This is the removal of the papacy to Avignon after Philip’s attack on pope Boniface in the fourteenth century.
What is the Great Papal Schism?
Two Popes. Urban ruling from Rome and Clement from Avignon, each having their own College of Cardinals, ensuring the papal succession of their own choice. Each pope claimed to be the true Vicar of Christ, with the power to excommunicate those who did not acknowledge him.
When and how did the Great Papal Schism come to an end?
- 1417
- The council of Constance chose a new Vicar of Christ, Martin V; for all practical purposes, the council in Constance ended the Great Schism.
By what standard did Wyclif judge the Roman Church?
Scripture
What traditional doctrine did Wyclif attack that resulted in him losing much support?
Transubstantiation
What was the “Council of Constance”? What did John Hus believe it would be? What did it actually turn out to be?
A council that decided the fate of Hus. He had hopes of presenting his views to the assembled authorities, but upon his arrival, he found himself instead a victim of the Inquisition.
What verse lead to Martin Luther’s “revelation”?
Romans 1:17
What was Luther’s opinion on indulgences?
He argued that indulgences cannot remove guilt, do not apply to purgatory, and are harmful because they induce a false sense of security in the donor.
How did Luther answer the four basic Catholic concerns?
- Salvation – not by works but by faith alone.
- Religious authority – not in the visible institution called the Roman church but in the Word of God found in the Bible.
- Church – The whole community of Christian believers (since all are priests before God).
- Christian living – serving God in any useful calling, whether ordained or lay.
Anabaptists preferred “Baptists” as a designation.But to most, baptism wasn’t the most fundamental issue. What was?
The nature of the church and its relations to civil governements.
What was the decision of the Zurich council on March 7th, 1526?
Anyone found rebaptizing would be put to death by drowning.
What was the Munster rebellion and how did it affect Europeans’ view of Anabaptists?
- The Munster rebellion started when the Bishop of the region massed troops to besiege the city and the Anabaptists uncharacteristically defended themselves by arms. As the siege progressed, the more extreme leaders gained control of the city. Jan of Leiden seized the powers of the government and ruled as an absolute despot. Claiming new revelations from God, Jan introduced the Old Testament practice of polygamy and by September took the title “King David,” who lived in splendor, yet by a strange cunning, he maintained morale in the city spite of widespread hunger. In June 24th, 1535, the bishop’s army broke in and the city fell.
- For centuries thereafter, Europeans upon hearing “Anabaptist” thought of the Munster rebellion. It stood for wild-eyed, religious fanaticism.
When the Anabaptist movement was finally able to unite and decide on its beliefs, what were the four major beliefs it adhered to?
- The walk with God is characterized by discipleship and personal experience.
- There was a strong love ethic toward God and neighbor.
- They had a congregational view of Church authority.
- They insisted on complete separation of Church and state.
What was Calvin’s central doctrine?
The sovereignty of God’s will.
How did the Act of Supremacy affect the relationship between Henry VIII and the pope? How did Henry’s doctrine change?
- This document called for a breach with Rome. The national church in England had become the CHurhc of England with the King as its head.
- The doctrine of the Catholic Church was modified, but it was not altered radically.