Church Hist. Final Flashcards

TO HELP ME ACE THE FINAL!

1
Q

Thomas Aquinas’ conviction of the divine sanction of the papacy led him to insist what?

A

Submission to the pope was necessary for salvation

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2
Q

What did Aquinas teach to support the practice of indulgences that had gained prominence during the crusades? (I.e. how did he logically justify indulgences?

A

He taught that thanks to the work of Christ and the meritorious deeds of the saints, the church has access to a “treasury of merit” – a great spiritual reservoir that priests may draw from to aid Christians who have insufficient merit of their own.

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3
Q

What did the Waldenses have in common with other reformation movements? What made the Waldenses different from other reformation movements?

A

They had a back-to-the-Bible movement like other reformation movements that would follow, however, their views on salvation (which included penance and poverty) lacked a clear note of God’s grace that sounded so powerfully in the Reformation.

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4
Q

What three weapons did the Catholic Church have at its disposal against “heretics”?

A

Preaching to return them to the truth, a crusade to crush all hardened resistance, and the Inquisition to uproot heresy completely

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5
Q

What was Dominic’s strategy for reaching the Albigenses?

A

To become poor himself so that they would not see him as halving false religion

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6
Q

The Inquisitors were subject to no law, only _______. In 1252 they were even given the right to _______ as a means of getting information and confessions from accused heretics.

A
  1. to the pope.

2. torture

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7
Q

What was the Babylonian Captivity of the papacy?

A

It was the 72 year period that Clement V was pope, during which he never set foot in Rome, preferring instead to stay close to home.

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8
Q

What is the Great Papal Schism and what led up to it?

A

It was a time when two popes had been appointed at the same time. It was brought on by the practice of the papacy to live outside of Rome the preference shown by the cardinals to pick someone from their own nationality.

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9
Q

When and how did the Great Papal Schism come to an end?

A

In 1417, a vote was called on a national basis. One incumbent stepped down, the other two were deposed and a new Vicar was chosen.

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10
Q

By what standard did Wyclif judge the Roman Church?

A

The teachings of Scripture

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11
Q

What traditional Doctrine did Wyclif attack that resulted in him losing much support?

A

Transubstantiation

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12
Q

What was the “Council of Constance”? What did Hus believe it would be? What did it actually turn out to be?

A

The council was mainly called to address the problem of multiple popes. John Hus had hopes of presenting his views to the assembled authorities, but upon his arrival he found himself instead a victim of the Inquisition.

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13
Q

What verse led to Martin Luther’s “revelation”?

A

Romans 1:17

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14
Q

What was Luther’s opinion on indulgences?

A

It troubled Luther deeply; he began to criticize the theology of indulgences in his sermons

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15
Q

How did Luther answer the four basic Catholic concerns?

A
  1. How is a person saved: not by works but by faith alone
  2. Where does religious authority lie: not in the visible constitution called the Roman Church, but in the word of God found in the Bible.
  3. What is the church: the whole community of Christian believers – since all are priests before God.
  4. What is the essence of Christian living: serving God in any useful calling, whether ordained or lay
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16
Q

Anabaptists preferred “Baptists” as a designation. However, to most, baptism wasn’t the most fundamental issue. What was?

A

It was the nature of the Church and its relation to civil governments.

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17
Q

What was the decision of the Zurich council on March 7, 1526?

A

Anyone found rebaptizing would be put to death by water.

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18
Q

What was the Munster rebellion and how did it affect Europeans’ view of Anabaptists?

A

Munster was an episcopal city that became controlled by a group of fanatics led by Jan Matthis. Many looked to the creation of the Lord’s kingdom in Munich and when the bishop of the region sent an army to besiege them, they defended themselves. A former Innkeeper, Jan of Leiden, eventually took control, instituted new laws and called himself King David. They were able to hold out in the city for a time, but eventually it was taken and the view of Anabaptist had been changed to stand for wild-eyed religious fanaticism.

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19
Q

When the Anabaptist movement was finally able to unite and decide on its beliefs, what were the four major beliefs it adhered to?

A
  1. Discipleship: the relationship of the believer with Jesus Christ must go beyond inner experience and acceptance of doctrines, but should involve a daily walking with God, in which Christ’s teaching example shape a transformed style of life.
  2. Love: In their dealings with non-Anabaptists they would act as pacifists. They would not go to war, defend themselves against persecutors, or take part in coercion by the state.
  3. Congregational view of church authority: all members were to be believers baptized voluntarily upon confession of personal faith in Christ. Each believer, then, was both a priest to his fellow believers and a missionary to unbelievers.
  4. Separation of church and state: Christians are a free, uncompelled people, and civil authorities exceed their competence when they try to force faith. The church is distinct from society, even if society claims to be Christian.
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20
Q

What was Calvin’s central Doctrine?

A

The sovereignty of God

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21
Q

How did the Act of Supremacy affect the relationship between Henry VIII and the pope? How did Henry’s doctrine change?

A

It held that the King was the head of the Church of England, meaning that the Pope was not, and solidified England’s break with Rome. Henry intended no break with Catholic faith and the only changes that later took place were the suppression of monasteries and the publication of the English Bible.

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22
Q

What theological shift occurred when Henry’s only son, Edward, became king? Why?

A

There was an abrupt shift in the protestant direction, because (as Edward was only ten years old) a group of royal advisors had power over the government and they sympathized with the Protestant Reformation.

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23
Q

Why did the swing to Protestantism come to a sudden halt?

A

Edward died and his half-sister, Mary, who was devoutly Catholic, ascended the throne.

24
Q

What was Queen Elizabeth’s successful strategy for achieving religious peace?

A

She strove for compromise and wrote Thirty-Nine Articles which were essentially Protestant but many were worded in a way which would satisfy both Protestants and Catholics.

25
Q

What is the marked difference between the 16th and 17th century?

A

The acceptance of religious differences

26
Q

What war is considered the transition from the “Age of Reformation” to the “Age of Reason”?

A

The Thirty Years War

27
Q

What was the outcome of the Thirty Years War?

A

The outcome was clear; the catholic forces could not subdue the Protestants in northern Germany and the Protestants could not control the Catholics in the south.

28
Q

What are the four fundamental truths articulated by the Dissenting Brethren of Westminster for the denominational theory?

A
  1. Considering man’s inability to always see the truth clearly, differences of opinion about the outward form of the Church are inevitable.
  2. Though these differences do not involve fundamentals of the faith they are not matters of indifference, each Christian is obligated to practice what he believes the Bible teaches.
  3. Since no church has a final and full grasp of divine truth, the true church of Christ can never be fully represented by any single ecclesiastical structure.
  4. The mere fact of separation does not of itself constitute schism. It is possible to be divided at many points and still be united in Christ.
29
Q

How did the view of man in the Reformation differ from the view of man in the Age of Reason?

A

The Reformers preached original sin and looked upon the world as fallen from God’s intended place. The Renaissance had a positive estimate of human nature and the universe itself.

30
Q

In the first part of the 18th century, instead of trying to harmonize nature and Scripture they did what? What did they believe about the Bible?

A

In France confidence in reason soared and Christians found that many intellectuals dismissed all appeals to revealed Scripture as superstitious nonsense. The climate was obviously more hostile.

31
Q

What did the deists believe about God?

A

That He was like a watchmaker. He created the world and wound it up as like a clock, then let it run. They believe that he does not interfere with the world.

32
Q

What led to the collapse of deism?

A

Bishop Joseph Butler’s The Analogy of Religion virtually ended the debate for thinking people. He challenged reason’s sovereignty and claimed that reason provides no complete system of knowledge, and in ordinary life it can offer only probabilities.

33
Q

What are the two aims of the Pietists?

A

They stressed the idea of personal faith and wanted to shift the center of the Christian life from the state churches, in which a person was born and brought up, to intimate fellowships of those who had a living faith in God.

34
Q

Who became the first large-scale Protestant missionary force in history?

A

The Moravians

35
Q

What are some of the contributions Pietism made to Christianity worldwide?

A

It shifted emphasis in 18th century churches from avid controversy to the care of souls. It made preaching and pastoral visitation central concerns of the Protestant ministry. It enriched Christian music enormously. It also underscored the importance of a spiritual laity for a revived church.

36
Q

What was Pietism’s dominant theme?

A

Regeneration

37
Q

What three regions were significantly changed by the Evangelical Awakening and how was each impacted?

A

Germany was impacted by the rise of Pietism, the British Isles by the preaching of the Methodists, and the American Colonies by the impact of the Great Awakening.

38
Q

What was the purpose of John Wesley’s “Holy Clubs”, and what did they do?

A

They were a group of students determined to take their religion seriously. They drew up a plan of study and rule of life that stressed prayer, Bible reading, and frequent attendance at Holy Communion.

39
Q

Whose belief did Wesley carry from the Awakening into his own time and what was this belief?

A

Jacob Arminius; He insisted that God willed the salvation of all men and that men had enough free will to choose or refuse divine grace.

40
Q

What were the societies that rose up in response to Wesley’s preaching called?

A

Methodists

41
Q

What was Wesley’s impact beyond the Methodist Church?

A

It renewed the religious life of England and her colonies. It elevated the life of the poor. It stimulated missions overseas and the social concerns of evangelicals in the 19th and 20th centuries.

42
Q

What was the one reason that later Americans came to hate the Puritans?

A

The Puritans tried to legislate morality and Americans prized their personal freedoms over the character of the society in which they lived.

43
Q

What does it mean that “The Great Awakening knew both the frown and the smile of God”?

A

It restored both the tears of repentance to colonial Christianity and the joy of salvation.

44
Q

Give the name and brief description of Jonathan Edward’s most famous sermon.

A

“Sinners in the Hands of and Angry God” He described god holding men over the flames in the way that one holds a loathsome spider over a candle. He speculated on how it would feel to have the searing agony of a burn drawn out through eternity. He told the listeners that the ground beneath their feet was a rotten flooring over a blazing pit, ready to give way in seconds.

45
Q

What makes the year 1870 significant?

A

On September 20, 1870 Italian nationalists invaded Rome. After more than 1000 years the Papal States come to an end.

46
Q

What does ex cathedra mean and what major question does it raise?

A

The expression means, “from the chair,” the official teaching role within the church. It raised the question: Can the pope alone, without council, decide and proclaim dogma?

47
Q

What are the reasons that Carey gained the title “Father of Modern Missions”?

A

He introduced Christians to missions on a grander scale. He thought in terms of the evangelization of whole countries, and of what happens when whole populations become Christian. He held that the foreign missionary can never make more than a small contribution to the accomplishment of the work that has to be done, and that therefore the development of the local ministry is the first and greatest of all missionary considerations. Above all, he saw that Christianity must be firmly rooted in the culture and traditions of the land in which it is planted.

48
Q

What were the general characteristics of the western inhabitants reached by the Second Great Awakening?

A

Rugged, wild, and boisterous

49
Q

List the criticisms against the revival put forth by the Lutherans, Presbyterians, Roman Catholics and Episcopalians.

A

Many Lutherans and Presbyterians felt that they slighted sound doctrine. Roman Catholics and Episcopalians considered them emotional eruptions, not true worship.

50
Q

What was the third and most direct assault on Christianity?

A

A higher criticism of the Bible: critical views became increasingly dominant in American higher education and eventually in many major denominations.

51
Q

What/who were the roots of Revival?

A
  • Pentecostalism (emphasis on experience)
  • Pietism (idea that holy life is more important than right beliefs)
  • Philip Spener (Colleges of Piety)
  • Herman Franke
  • Moravian Bretheren
52
Q

What is the historical setting for Pietism?

A
  • Deism: Deism made Pietism possible in that Pietists reacted to Deism by holding little to no regard for reason.
  • Dogma: there were many teachers of theology, but few pastors, and pietism sought to fix that problem
53
Q

Philip Spener:

A
  • Influenced by Yohan Arnt who looked to experience to supplement belief
  • Began Colleges of Piety
    • where they met to encourage one another
    • said the authentic Christian lifestyle (bible study and prayer helped)created holiness
54
Q

Herman Franke:

A
  • His writings helped the value of experience to grow
  • Answers the question: “How do I know I am saved?”
  • Answer: Holy Spirit regeneration and the fruit of holiness in your life
55
Q

Count Zinzendorf:

A
  • Educated at Wittenberg

- Allowed the Moravian brethren to live on his land and oversaw their community