Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Kidneys > Chronic Kidney Injury > Flashcards

Chronic Kidney Injury Flashcards

0
Q

Causes of CKD

A

Commonest - diabetic or hypertension
Poly-cystic kidney
Long term Nephrotoxic drugs (gentamicin or NSAIDs)
Autoimmune diseases (SLE) and glomerulonephritis
Recurrent UTIs or Hx of kidney trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Stages of CKD

A 
Stage 1 - eGFR > 90ml/min
Stage 2 - eGFR 60-89ml/min
Stage 3 - eGFR 30-59ml/min
Stage 4 - eGFR 15-29ml/min (usually only symptomatic after here)
Stage 5 - eGFR <15ml/min
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Symptoms of CKD

A

Asymptomatic until stage 4
Uraemia
Hyperkalaemia
Low erythropoietin Abnormal Vit D metabolism
Fluid overload (oedema)
Metabolic acidosis (increased RR, treat with oral bicarbonate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Symptoms of Uraemia

A 
Confusion
Pruritus
Restless legs/Cramps
Nausea
Parasthesia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Symptoms of low erythropoietin

A

Anaemia, Dyspnoea, Fatigue
Need to be monitor Hb and if below 11 give weekly EPO injections + iron
If below 8Hb transfuse to 11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Stages of CKD

A 
Stage 1 - eGFR > 90ml/min
Stage 2 - eGFR 60-89ml/min
Stage 3 - eGFR 30-59ml/min
Stage 4 - eGFR 15-29ml/min (usually only symptomatic after here)
Stage 5 - eGFR <15ml/min
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Chronic kidney Disease (CKD)

A

A gradual decline in renal function over months to years, classified by a decrease in eGFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Symptoms of disrupted Vit D metabolism

A

Osteomalacia (bone pain)
Secondary or tertiary hyperparathyroidism
Treat with calcium and cholecalciferol and monitor PTH levels
Phosphate binders can be used to treat hyperphosphataemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Treating hypertension in patients with CKD

A

ACEi can be used if K+ is below 6

If above then use a loop diuretic –> if resistant add thiazides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Treatment of stage 4/5 of CKD

A

Transplant or haemodialysis

Especially if –> serum creatinine >500mmol/L OR GI symptoms OR peripheral neuropathy OR pericarditis OR malnutrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Polycystic kidney disease (PCKD)

A

One cause of chronic kidney disease –> genetic condition
Can be painful or asymptomatic –> multiple cysts in kidney but can also be in liver, brain or heart
Can autosomal dominant (commonest, onset in early adulthood) or recessive (rarer with worse prognosis, onset in infancy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Causes of pain in polycystic kidney disease (PCKD)

A

Cyst haemorrhage or infection
Pyelonephritis
Kidney stones
Chronic cyst pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Common presentations of PCKD

A

Asymptomatic cysts on imaging or family screening –> genetics too complex to screen
Renal pain, haematuria/proteinuria, hypertension or CKD
Non-renal manifestations –> cerebral aneurysms, liver cysts/failure, pancreatic cysts, valvular disease, diverticulitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cyst haemorrhage

A

Sudden onset, sharp localised pain over 2-5 days
Afrebrile, blood cultures and MSU -ve –> N+V with occasional haematuria
Diagnose by CT or MRI
Analgesia and rest, hydration, compression+transfusion if major

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cyst infection

A

Sub-acute, localised sharp pain
Pyrexial, N+V and blood cultures often +ve but MSU -ve
Diagnose by CT or MRI
Requires at least 4 weeks of antibiotics (long-term+penetrating)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

Sudden onset, progressive, diffuse pain
High grade Pyrexia, N+V, rigours and dysuria
Blood cultures and MSU Both +ve
USS may show perinephric
Requires prolonged up to 4 weeks of Antibiotics

16
Q

Symptoms of kidney stones

A

Sudden onset, localised, sharp but intermittent colic
Apyrexial, N+V, and frank haemorrhage
Blood culture and MSU both negative
KUB,IVP, CT, MRI and X-ray
Analgesia, rest and hydration. Treat with PCUL or surgery

17
Q

Chronic cyst pain

A

Poorly understood
Constant, positional, diffuse pain with gradual onset
Apyrexial and occasionally with chronic haematuria
Blood cultures and MSU negative, imaging not helpful
Analgesia, aspiration if due to a single cyst or surgery

18
Q

CKD as a complication of polycystic kidney disease

A

Onset in 40’s –> 65% progress to end stage disease (ESRD) needing renal replacement therapy (RRT) of some form –> dialysis or transplant
Generally leave the original kidneys in unless –>need the space, painful, recurrently bleeding or infected or cancerous

19
Q

ESRD

A

End stage renal disease

20
Q

RRT

A

Renal replacement therapy

Either dialysis or transplant

21
Q

Hypertension in patients with PCKD

A

Almost 100% of patients will have it by 4th decade

22
Q

Causes of CKD

A

Commonest - diabetic or hypertension
Poly-cystic ovaries
Long term Nephrotoxic drugs (gentamicin or NSAIDs)
Autoimmune diseases (SLE) and glomerulonephritis
Recurrent UTIs or Hx of kidney trauma

23
Q

Symptoms of CKD

A

Asymptomatic until stage 4
Uraemia Hyperkalaemia
Low erythropoietin Abnormal Vit D metabolism
Fluid overload
Metabolic acidosis

24
Q

Symptoms of Uraemia

A 
Confusion
Pruritus
Restless legs/Cramps
Nausea
Parasthesia
25
Q

Symptoms of low erythropoietin

A

Anaemia
Dyspnoea
Fatigue
Need to be monitor Hb and if below 11 give weekly EPO injections

26
Q

Symptoms of hyperkalaemia

A

Palpitations and/or ECG Changes
May be asymptomatic
Treat if K+ over 6 by stopping all K+ sparing drugs
ACEi cannot be used if K+ remains elevated

27
Q

Stages of CKD

A 
Stage 1 - eGFR > 90ml/min
Stage 2 - eGFR 60-89ml/min
Stage 3 - eGFR 30-59ml/min
Stage 4 - eGFR 15-29ml/min (usually only symptomatic after here)
Stage 5 - eGFR <15ml/min
28
Q

Causes of CKD

A

Commonest - diabetic or hypertension
Poly-cystic ovaries
Long term Nephrotoxic drugs (gentamicin or NSAIDs)
Autoimmune diseases (SLE) and glomerulonephritis
Recurrent UTIs or Hx of kidney trauma

29
Q

Symptoms of CKD

A

Asymptomatic until stage 4
Uraemia Hyperkalaemia
Low erythropoietin Abnormal Vit D metabolism
Fluid overload
Metabolic acidosis

30
Q

Symptoms of Uraemia

A 
Confusion
Pruritus
Restless legs/Cramps
Nausea
Parasthesia
31
Q

Symptoms of low erythropoietin

A

Anaemia
Dyspnoea
Fatigue
Need to be monitor Hb and if below 11 give weekly EPO injections

32
Q

Stages of CKD

A 
Stage 1 - eGFR > 90ml/min
Stage 2 - eGFR 60-89ml/min
Stage 3 - eGFR 30-59ml/min
Stage 4 - eGFR 15-29ml/min (usually only symptomatic after here)
Stage 5 - eGFR <15ml/min
33
Q

Causes of CKD

A

Commonest - diabetic or hypertension
Poly-cystic ovaries
Long term Nephrotoxic drugs (gentamicin or NSAIDs)
Autoimmune diseases (SLE) and glomerulonephritis
Recurrent UTIs or Hx of kidney trauma

34
Q

Symptoms of CKD

A

Asymptomatic until stage 4
Uraemia Hyperkalaemia
Low erythropoietin Abnormal Vit D metabolism
Fluid overload
Metabolic acidosis

35
Q

Symptoms of Uraemia

A 
Confusion
Pruritus
Restless legs/Cramps
Nausea
Parasthesia
36
Q

Symptoms of low erythropoietin

A

Anaemia
Dyspnoea
Fatigue
Need to be monitor Hb and if below 11 give weekly EPO injections

37
Q

Treatment of acute pyelonephritis

A

Broad spectrum cephalosporin or quinolone

Kidneys (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions