Chronic Kidney Disease CKD Flashcards
What is Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?
CKD is defined as abnormal kidney function or structure present for more than three months, with implications for health. It affects 9-13% of the adult population.
What are the common symptoms of CKD?
CKD is often asymptomatic in early stages. As it progresses, symptoms may include fatigue, nausea, polyuria, fluid overload, and sexual dysfunction.
What are the primary causes of CKD?
Common causes include diabetes, vascular disease, glomerular diseases, nephrotoxic drugs, obstructive uropathy, and hereditary kidney diseases.
What are the risk factors for developing CKD?
Risk factors include age over 50, previous acute kidney injury, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, obesity, smoking, male gender, and black or Hispanic ethnicity.
How is CKD classified?
CKD is classified into five stages based on GFR: Stages 1 to 5, ranging from normal or high kidney function to kidney failure (GFR <15 ml/min/1.73m²).
What clinical findings might suggest CKD?
Findings include uraemic fetor, pallor, cachexia, cognitive impairment, tachypnoea, hypertension, oedema, peripheral neuropathy, and signs of microvascular damage.
What laboratory investigations are important in CKD?
Investigations include urinalysis, plasma glucose, FBC, U&Es, serum albumin, urinary albumin, serum calcium, phosphate, PTH, alkaline phosphatase, and lipid profile.
What imaging studies are useful in CKD assessment?
Imaging studies like renal ultrasound, CT, or MRI assess kidney size, structure, and obstructive uropathy.
What are the goals of CKD management?
Goals include slowing progression, managing symptoms, reducing cardiovascular risk, and preparing for renal replacement therapy if needed.
What lifestyle modifications are recommended for CKD patients?
Modifications include regular exercise, weight loss, smoking cessation, and dietary changes like reducing salt and protein intake.
What role does blood pressure control play in CKD management?
Blood pressure control is crucial to slow CKD progression, often using ACE inhibitors or ARBs to achieve target levels.
How is glycaemic control managed in CKD patients with diabetes?
Glycaemic control is essential to prevent further kidney damage, often requiring adjustment of diabetic medications and regular monitoring.
What vaccinations are recommended for CKD patients?
Vaccinations against influenza and pneumococcus are recommended to lower infection risk.
Why should nephrotoxic medications be avoided in CKD patients?
Nephrotoxic drugs can worsen kidney function and should be avoided or used cautiously in CKD patients.
How is hyperphosphataemia managed in CKD?
Management includes dietary phosphate restriction and the use of phosphate binders.
