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Phase 1 - S2 Pathology > Chronic Inflammation > Flashcards

Chronic Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What is chronic inflammation

A

Response to injury with associated fibrosis

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2
Q

True or false: chronic inflammation causes tong term consequences

A

True - resolution is not complete as they are left with scarring

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3
Q

How does chronic inflammation arise?

A
  1. If acute inflammation is too severe to be resolved in a few days
  2. De novo
  3. Repeated attacks of acute inflammation
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4
Q

How may chronic inflammation arise de novo

A
  • autoimmune conditions

- chronic infections

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5
Q

What 6 types of cells can be seen in chronic inflammation

A
  • macrophages
  • lymphocytes
  • plasma cells
  • eosinophils
  • fibroblasts
  • giant cells
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6
Q

In which type of inflammation are macrophages seen mostly in

A

Chronic

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7
Q

Why does chronic inflammation look variable

A

Due to the different types of cells present in different scenarios

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8
Q

What are the 3 functions of macrophages

A
  • phagocytosis
  • Antigen presenting to immune system
  • synthesis or cytokines (TNF and interleukin) which control other cells and also complement components, blood clotting factors and proteases
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9
Q

Which type of pathogen do macrophages usually digest

A

Bacteria

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10
Q

What are macrophages derived from

A

Monocytes

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11
Q

What histological appearance do lymphocytes have

A

Large nucleus with little cytoplasms

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12
Q

What are the functions of lymphocytes

A

Immunological:

  • activate B lymphocytes to differentiate and produce antibodies
  • activate T lymphocytes which are involved in cytotoxic functions
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13
Q

What is the histological appearance of plasma cells

A
  • can see golgi (needed for antibody production)
  • open nucleus with chromatin in the peripheries
  • can see the cytoplasm
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14
Q

What is the histological appearance of eosinophils

A
  • pink vacuoles

- bi-lobed nucleus

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15
Q

What do plasma cells do

A

Differentiated from B lymphocytes into antibody producing cells

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16
Q

What is the function of eosinophils

A

Kill parasites

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17
Q

What is the function of fibroblasts

A

Make collagen

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18
Q

What are the 3 types of giant cells

A
  • langerhans
  • foreign body type
  • touton
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19
Q

What are giant cells

A

Multinucleate cells made by the fusion of macrophages

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20
Q

Why do giant cells form

A

Due to frustrated phagocytosis - where macrophages cant phagocytose particles so fuse together

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21
Q

In which infection are langerhan cells most commonly seen in

A

TB

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22
Q

What type of necrosis is touton cells seen in

A

Fat necrosis

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23
Q

What is the histological appearance of langerhan cells

A
  • horse shoe peripheral nucleus
24
Q

What is the histological appearance of foreign body type cells

A

Multiple aggregates of nuclei and foreign bodies

25
Q

True or false: chronic is specific

A

False

26
Q

What type of cell is seen in chronic inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis

A

Plasma cells

27
Q

What type of cells are most commonly seen in chronic inflammation in chronic gastritis

A

Lymphocytes

28
Q

What are the 4 affects of chronic inflammation

A
  1. Fibrosis
  2. Impaired function
  3. Atrophy
  4. Stimulation of immune response
29
Q

What affect of chronic inflammation is seen in chronic cholecystitis

A
  • Fibrosis causing a yellow fibrotic wall of the gall bladder which is usually translucence
  • the gall stones produced cause repeated obstruction of the bile duct leading to chronic inflammation which causes fibrosis
30
Q

What is experienced in chronic cholecystitis

A

Pain

31
Q

What is an idiopathic disease

A

A disease where the cause is not known

32
Q

What type of inflammation is present in imflammatory bowel disease

A

Both acute and chronic inflammation

33
Q

What is the cause of inflammatory bowel disease

A

Not know - it is idiopathic

34
Q

What do patients with inflammatory bowel disease present with

A

Diarrhoea, rectal bleeding (as inflammation damages mucosa)

35
Q

What are 2 examples of diseases which are inflammatory bowel diseases

A
  • ulcerative colitis

- Crohn’s disease

36
Q

What is the difference between ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease

A
  • Ulcerative colitis is superficial (the inflammation affects the mucosa only)
  • Crohns is transmural (affects mucosa and deeper layers of the gut)
37
Q

What is seen in Crohn’s disease

A
  • strictures (fibrous borrowing)

- fistulae (abnormal connection between 2 mucosa lined organs)

38
Q

What are common causes of cirrhosis

A
  • alcohol
  • hepatitis B and C
  • drugs
  • fatty liver disease
39
Q

What happens to the liver function in cirrhosis

A

There is decreased liver function caused by chronic inflammation which is caused by various sources
The inflammation causes disorganisation of architecture

40
Q

What is thyrotoxicosis

A

Hyperthyroidism (too much thyroid hormones produced)

41
Q

What is Graves’ Disease

A

Where chronic inflammation causes hyperthyroidism as the antibodies produced by the immune system cause the production of more hormones

42
Q

What is granulomatous inflammation

A

Chronic inflammation with granulomas

43
Q

What is a granuloma

A

Group of macrophages and lymphocytes which stick together

44
Q

When do granulomas arise

A
  • hypersensitivity reactions

- persistent low levels of antigenic stimulation

45
Q

What are the 3 main causes of granulomatous inflammation

A
  • foreign material
  • infection
  • unknown causes
46
Q

Give an example of an infection that causes granulomatous inflammation

A

TB

47
Q

What organism causes TB

A

Mycobacteria which are difficult and slow to culture

48
Q

What does TB cause

A

It causes disease by Persistence and induction of cell mediated response. Therefore there is chronic inflammation

49
Q

What is seen in Tuberculous Granuloma

A

An area of caseous necrosis in the middle of the granuloma with langerhan cells nearby

50
Q

What vaccine protects against TB

A

BCG

51
Q

What happens during abnormal reactions to the BCG vaccine

A

BCG granulomas

52
Q

Give 3 examples of granulomatous diseases of unknown cause

A
  • sarcoidosis
  • Crohn’s disease
  • wegener’s granulomatosis
53
Q

What organs does Wegener’s granulomatosis affect

A

Kidneys

54
Q

What are the granulomas like in sarcoidosis

A
  • variable
  • non-caseating granulomas with giant cells
  • involved in lymph nodes and lungs
55
Q

What are the consequences of chronic inflammation

A
  • fibrosis
  • impaired function and atrophy
  • stimulation of immune response
56
Q

True or false: chronic inflammation is very heterogeneous

A

True - it is always variable

Phase 1 - S2 Pathology (13 decks)

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