Chronic inflammation

Question 1

Describe the main functions of macrophages in chronic

inflammation.

Answer 1

Secret substances that kill microbes and initiate repair They release reactive oxygen species, enzymes, and proteases. Also release factors to that activate fibroblasts to lay down collagen (fibrosis) and stimulate angiogenesis

Question 2

Understand that unregulated inflammation can cause tissue damage and identify two types of substances macrophages secrete that can injure host tissues.

Answer 2

Reactive oxygen species and factors that stimulate fibrosis.

Question 3

Compare and contrast tissue regeneration with healing by scar formation

Answer 3

NEED TO ADD

Question 4

Explain the differences between embryonic and adult stem cells.

Answer 4

Embryonic stem cells: pluripotent.

Adult stem cells are more limited in what they can become. Tissue stem cells can only develop into the organs they make are in. In bone marrow, there are mutipotent stromal cells that can differentiate along multiple cell lineages.

Question 5

Know the main growth factors involved in tissue regeneration and repair

Answer 5

Epidermal growth factor, EGF: growth of epithelium, hepatocytes, fibroblasts. Produced by keratinocytes in skin, macrophages, and inflammatory cells.

Hepatocyte growth factor, HGF: growth of hepatocytes, bile ducts cells. Promotes cell migration in development. Produced by fibroblasts and endothelial.

Vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF: Induced blood vessel formation.

PDGF: involved in angiogenesis

FGF

TGF-B: involved in angiogenesis. Stimulates fibroblasts migration, proliferation, and synthesis of collagen.

Question 6

First type of collagen laid down in scar formation is?

Answer 6

Type 3 collagen

Question 7

What is fibrosis?

Answer 7

Continuous scar healing with persistent tissue damage (stimulus is not removed)