chronic inflammation Flashcards
what is chronic inflammation and what are its key features
prolonged inflammation with associated repair
delayed onset, during between days and years, variable appearances, limits damage and initiates repair, can cause debilitating symptoms
what is a macrophage in circulation
in circulation is a monocyte and then turns into a macrophage when it enters tissue
what are the functions of macrophages
phagocytosis-removal of pathogen/necrosis/debris, antigen presentation to immune system
inflammatory mediators -synthesis and release of mediators, controls and regulates inflammatory response
how does a macrophage look on histology
foamy bubbly cytoplasm
indented (slipper shaped) nuclei
what do lymphocytes look like
small cells but slight;ty larger than rbc
spherical nuclei
what are the types of lymphocytes
b and T cells
what is the function of T cells
t helper cells assist other inflammatory cells
cytotoxic ones destroy pathogens
what is the function fo B cells
mature into plasma cells
produce antibodies
neutralise pathogens
plasma cell appearance
eccentric nucleus
clock face chromatin
peri-nuclear clearing (Golgi)
function of plasma cells
fully differentiated b lymphocyte
produce antibodies
eosinophil appearance
bi-lobed nucleus
granular cytoplasm that stains red
function of eosinophil
release of a variety of mediators
hypersensitivity reactions
parasitic infections
what is a giant cell
multinucleate cell
fusion of multiple macrophages
‘frustrated phagocytosis’
three types : foreign body giant cell- random scattering of nuclei
langhans giant cell-nuclei arranged outside in horse shoe shape.
Touton giant cell-nuclei in middle in ring shape
which cell type is found mostly in rheumatoid arthritis
plasma cells
what are the effects of chronic inflammation
fibrosis- deposition of collagen
impaired function- eg ibd. increased function is rare but in grave’s disease
atrophy-progressive degeneration or shrinkage of muscle or nerve tissue
stimulation of immune response-antigen presentation
give examples of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease and symptoms
crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis
abdominal pain, altered bowel motion, weight loss, rectal bleeding , malabsorption
what’s the difference between Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis
CD affects all fo the GI tract but UC affects large bowel only.
CD has discontinuous patches of inflammation and UC has continuous inflammation
in CD inflammation affects full thickness of bowel wall but only superficial bowel wall in UC. you can find a granulomata in CD but no granulomata in UC. More likely to have rectal bleeding in UC.
what is cirrhosis and what are the causes
end stage damage to liver
caused by: alcohol, hepatitis, drugs & toxins, fatty liver disease.
fibrosis and attempted regeneration
what is a granulomatous inflammation
chronic inflammation with a granuloma
what is a granuloma
a collection of epithelioid histiocytes with surrounding lymphocytes
what are the two types of granuloma
foreign body-destruction and removal of foreign material. few lymphocytes
immune mediated- destruction and removal of pathogens (bacteria/fungi).can undergo central necrosis . can be idiopathic. many lymphocytes
what causes a granulomatous inflammation
foreign body reaction
infection- involving mycobacterium. as its difficult to destroy their thick cell wall and mycolic acids
Crohn’s disease- in GI tract
sarcoidosis- in lymph nodes, lungs and skin
