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Chronic Eye Conditions Flashcards

Module 1B

1
Q

Patients 65+ without risk factors for eye disease should have a comprehensive eye exam, how often?

A

Every 1-2 years

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2
Q

Patients with type 1 diabetes should have a comprehensive eye exam, how often?

A

3-5 years after diagnosis, then every 1 year

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3
Q

Patients with type 2 diabetes should have a comprehensive eye exam, how often?

A

At time of diagnosis, then every 1 year

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4
Q

Patients that are pregnant with diabetes should have a comprehensive eye exam, how often?

A

Before conception, early in first trimester, and 1 year postpartum

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5
Q

Sildenafil, used for the treatment of ED, can cause

A

Cyanosis, blue tinted vision

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6
Q

Timolol can exacerbate

A

Bradycardia and asthma

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7
Q

What 2 disorders affect the optic nerve?

A

Papilledema, glaucoma

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8
Q

What 2 disorders affect the retina?

A

Macular degeneration and retinopathy

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9
Q

Glaucoma results in what kind of vision loss?

A

Peripheral (tunnel vision)

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10
Q

Macular degeneration leads to loss of what kind of vision loss?

A

Central (metamorphopsia)

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11
Q

AMD is most symptomatic when involving the

A

Central macula

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12
Q

What is the leading cause of vision loss for older adults?

A

AMD

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13
Q

What is the most common form of macular degeneration?

A

Dry - usually affects both eyes

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14
Q

Dry/atrophic MD is characterized by

A

Yellow fatty deposits (drusen) and pigmentary changes to the retinal epithelium

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15
Q

Wet MD is characterized by

A

Choroidal neovascularization

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16
Q

Typically, a person first has what kind of MD before wet?

A

Dry

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17
Q

What is the number one risk factor for macular degeneration?

A

Age

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18
Q

Macular degeneration is more common in which gender and race?

A

Females, caucasian

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19
Q

What value BMI is 2.5 times more likely to develop AMD?

A

> 30

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20
Q

What are the 4 diagnostic tests for macular degeneration?

A

Direct ophthalmoscopy (dilated), fundus exam with slit lamp, rapid-sequence fluorescein angiography (FA), optical coherence tomography (OCT)

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21
Q

If identified early, what may be helpful in reducing the speed of progression of MD?

A

Antioxidant vitamins and minerals

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22
Q

A referral to optometry and/or ophthalmology may lead to evaluation that includes

A

Dilated retinal exam, vision testing, and Amsler grid

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23
Q

the AREDS 9-step severity scale and simplified 5-step severity scale use what 2 characteristics to determine a risk score?

A

Drusen size and pigmentary abnormalities

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24
Q

What is the treatment for neovascular/wet AMD?

A

Anti-VEGF injections and PDT (alternative or adjunct)

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25
What is the treatment for atrophic/dry AMD?
Vision rehabilitation
26
The AREDS supplement formula used in intermediate AMD contains
Vitamin C, lutein, vitamin E, zeaxanthin, and zinc
27
What 3 intravitreal injections are used in wet AMD?
Avastin (bevacizumab), Lucentis (ranibizumab), and Eylea (aflibercept)
28
Retinopathy is usually associated with what 3 diseases?
Sickle cell, HTN, DM
29
What ethnicities are at risk for retinopathy?
AAs, hispanic, or native americans
30
What are 4 complications of retinopathy?
Vitreous hemorrhage, retinal detachment, glaucoma, vision loss/blindness
31
What are 4 treatments for retinopathy?
VEGF inhibitors, vitrectomy, panretinal photocoagulation, and photocoagulation
32
What is the most common form of retinopathy?
Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy
33
What are clinical features of non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy?
Microaneurysms, intraretinal hemorrhages, cotton wool spots, and hard exudates
34
Venous tortuosity (capillary dropout and intraretinal microvascular abnormalities) occurs in
NPDR/background retinopathy
35
Proliferative retinopathy is severe and is characterized by
Abnormal neovascularization
36
Papilledema causes
Visual disturbances, headaches, and nausea
37
Papilledema indicates
Increased ICP
38
Pseudotumor cerebra can cause papilledema and is most commonly seen in
Women in their 40s, fair-skinned, blonde
39
Papilledema requires
Immediate referral to ED
40
Open-angle glaucoma is often asymptomatic and can lead to a loss of
Peripheral vision
41
Acute angle-closure glaucoma is rapid/acute and causes
Eye pain, vision loss, seeing halos around lights, erythema, nausea/vomiting
42
What medications are risk factors for glaucoma?
Steroids, anticholinergics, OTC cold remedies, Drugs for bladder control, seizures, depression/anxiety
43
What ethnic descent is at risk of glaucoma?
AAs, Irish, Russian, Japanese, hispanic, Inuit, or scandinavian
44
What are some risk factors for glaucoma?
Over 40 years of age, family history, nearsighted/farsighted, comorbidities
45
What diagnostic tool is used to measure the pressure within the eye?
Tonometry
46
Gonioscopy is used to see the angle in the eye where
The iris meets the cornea
47
Pachymetry is used to measure
The thickness of the cornea
48
Glaucoma affects the role of
Aqueous humor
49
Which type of glaucoma is the most common?
Open angle glaucoma
50
Glaucoma leads to decreased peripheral vision due to
Optic nerve damage
51
Open-angle glaucoma presents with IOP greater than
21mmHg (trabecular meshwork doesn't drain properly)
52
Angle-closure glaucoma (closed) is sudden and painful due to the iris being squeezed against the cornea which
Blocks uveoscleral drains and trabecular meshwork
53
What drugs are used for initial and maintenance therapy of glaucoma?
BBs: Timolol (non-selective) *could worsen asthma Betaxolol (selective)
54
Which beta-blocker is preferred in asthma/COPD patients?
Betaxolol
55
First line agents for glaucoma treatment include
BBs, prostaglandin analogues, and alpha-adrenergic agonists
56
BBs are used to treat glaucoma to decrease
Aqueous humor production
57
Prostaglandin analogues are beta-selective and include
Latanoprost (xalatan) which increases drainage
58
Alpha-adrenergic agonists such as Briminodine (alphagan P) are used to
Decrease aqueous humor production
59
What are second line drugs used for glaucoma?
Cholinergic agonists (miotics) Pilocarpine (Salagen) - increases drainage Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors Acetazolamide (Diamox) - decreases production
60
Topamax and Bactrim could
Worsen glaucoma
61
What are symptoms of cataracts?
Decreased vision, sensitivity to light/glare, night drive difficulty, difficulty reading

Eyes & Dermatology (7 decks)

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