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KINS 1103 > Chronic Disease and Cancer > Flashcards

Chronic Disease and Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

what is the purpose of the DASH diet? what is the DASH diet?

A
  • reducing high blood pressure
  • limit sodium
  • consume high amounts of fruit/veg
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2
Q

what are 5 major forms of cardiovascular disease?

A
  1. hypertension
  2. atherosclerosis
  3. heart disease and heart attacks
  4. stroke
  5. congestive heart failure
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3
Q

what is hypertension?

A

abnormally high blood pressure

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4
Q

what is systolic blood pressure?

A

pressure when blood exits heart during ventricular contraction

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5
Q

what is diastolic blood pressure?

A

pressure during relaxation and (blood) filling ventricles

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6
Q

what are the systolic and diastolic measurements for low, medium, and high risk of hypertension?

A
  • low risk: 120/80 or below
  • medium risk: 121-139/80-89
  • high risk: 140+/90+
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7
Q

what are 2 factors that influence blood pressure?

A
  1. cardiac output (L/min)

2. vascular resistance

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8
Q

what is cardiac output?

A

amount of blood pumped from the heart

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9
Q

what is vascular resistance?

A
  • sum of resistance to blood flow provided by all systemic blood vessels
  • highly hereditary
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10
Q

what is atherosclerosis?

A

narrowing of arteries by deposits of fat, cholesterol, and other substances

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11
Q

what is plaque?

A

deposit of fatty substances on inner wall of arteries

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12
Q

what is the difference between a heart attack and a stroke?

A
  • heart attack: blockage of a coronary artery

- stroke: blockage of a cerebral artery

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13
Q

what is coronary heart disease?

A

heart disease caused by hardening of arteries that supply oxygen to heart muscle

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14
Q

what happens when someone has a heart attack?

A
  • damage/death to heart muscle from failure to deliver enough blood to the body
  • caused by lack of oxygen
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15
Q

what are 3 signs of a heart attack?

A
  1. chest discomfort
  2. discomfort in areas of upper body
  3. shortness of breath
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16
Q

what are 2 signs of cardiac arrest?

A
  1. sudden loss of responsiveness

2. no normal breathing

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17
Q

what do you do if someone goes into cardiac arrest?

A
  • CPR

- automated external defibrillator

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18
Q

what is angia pectoris?

A
  • chest pain that occurs when cardiac tissue doesn’t receive enough blood
  • symptoms mimic heart attack
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19
Q

what is arrhythmia?

A
  • irregularity in form or rhythm of heartbeat

- caused by disruption to electrical impulses that control heartbeat

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20
Q

what is the difference between ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke?

A
  • ischemic stroke: caused by blood clot

- hemorrhagic stroke: caused by ruptured blood vessel

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21
Q

what is the difference between a subarachnoid hemorrhage and a interracial hemorrhage?

A

subrachnoid hemorrhage

  • bleed into space between brain and skull
  • develops from aneurysms

intracerebral hemorrhage

  • bleed from blood vessel inside brain
  • caused by high BP and damage to arteries
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22
Q

what is the difference between a embolic stroke and a thrombotic stroke?

A

embolic stroke

  • caused by emboli, blood clots that travel to brain blood vessels
  • 25% related to atrial fibrilation

thrombotic stroke

  • caused by thrombi, blood clots that form where an artery has been narrowed by atherosclerosis
  • often develops when thrombus breaks away and causes and blockage
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23
Q

what is congestive heart failure?

A
  • condition resulting from heart’s inability to pump out all blood received during diastole
  • results in accumulation of fluid in body
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24
Q

what are 3 risk factors when smoking?

A
  1. damages lining of arteries
  2. reduces HDL and raises LDL
  3. raises blood pressure and heart rate
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25
Q

what is high blood pressure? what happens when you develop high blood pressure?

A
  • too much force/pressure on artery walls
  • strains, weakens, enlarges heart
  • scars and hardens arteries
  • increases risk of heart attack, stroke, atherosclerosis, and kidney failure
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26
Q

what is cholesterol? what is important for? where can it be obtained?

A
  • fatty, wax-like substance
  • important component of cell membranes, sex hormones, vitamin D, and protective nerve sheaths
  • obtained from food or made by liver
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27
Q

how is cholesterol carried in the blood?

A

protein-fat packages called lipoproteins

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28
Q

what are low-density lipoproteins?

A
  • “bad cholesterol”

- transports cholesterol to organs and tissues

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29
Q

what are high-density lipoproteins?

A
  • transports cholesterol out of arteries and back to liver

- helps protect against heart disease by removing cholesterol from blood vessels

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30
Q

how can we increase HDL and decrease LDL?

A

exercising

31
Q

what are 3 ways we can improve cholesterol levels?

A
  1. choose unsaturated fats instead of saturated and trans fats
  2. exercise regularly
  3. increase omega 6 and 3 oils
32
Q

what are 4 things that excess body fat may contribute to?

A
  1. high blood pressure
  2. elevated cholesterol levels
  3. diabetes
  4. narrowing of coronary arteries
33
Q

what are the BMI ranges?

A

underweight: < 18.5
normal: 18.5-24.9
overweight: 25.0-29.9
obese: > 30.0

34
Q

what happens when there is increased blood glucose?

A
  • damages lining of arteries
  • increases blood levels of glucose
  • linked to other CVD risk factors
35
Q

what are triglycerides?

A

blood fats obtained from food and manufactured by the body

36
Q

what are 5 psychological and social factors that contribute to CVD?

A
  1. stress
  2. chronic hostility and anger
  3. suppressing psychological distress
  4. depression and anxiety
  5. social isolation
37
Q

what are 4 non-modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

A
  1. family history (DNA)
  2. age
  3. sex
  4. ethnicity
38
Q

what is cancer?

A

abnormal, uncontrolled cellular growth

39
Q

what is an oncogene? what is it involved in?

A
  • a gene that can mutate and replicate

- involved in transformation of a normal cell into cancer cell

40
Q

what is a tumor suppressor gene?

A

a gene that controls the development of oncogenes

41
Q

what is metastasis?

A

spread of cancer cells from one part of body to another

42
Q

what is the difference between a malignant and benign tumor?

A
  • malignant: cancerous and capable of spreading

- benign: non-cancerous and non-spreading

43
Q

what is the leading cause of cancer death?

A

lung cancer, 30% of all cancers

44
Q

what is the symptoms, treatment, and survival rate of lung cancer?

A

symptoms

  • persistent cough
  • chest pain
  • recurrent bronchitis

treatment

  • surgery
  • radiation
  • chemotherapy

survival rate
- 17% after 5 years

45
Q

what is the second leading cause of cancer death?

A

colon and rectal cancer

46
Q

what are 3 risk factors for developing colon and rectal cancer?

A
  1. age (50 and older)
  2. inactivity
  3. diets high in red meat, smoked food, and simple sugars
47
Q

what are symptoms, testing, 2 preventions, and treatment of colon and rectal cancer?

A

SYMPTOMS

  • bleed from rectum
  • change in bowel habits
  • polyps

TESTING

  • stool blood test
  • sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy

PREVENTION

  • increase fibre intake
  • physical activity

TREATMENT
- surgery

48
Q

what is the most common cancer in women?

A

breast cancer, 1 in 9 women

49
Q

what are 3 causes/risk factors for breast cancer?

A
  1. heredity
  2. early onset menstruation or late onset menopause
  3. obesity
50
Q

how can we detect breast cancer?

A
  • mammography after age 40
  • clinical breast exams
  • breast self-examiniation
51
Q

what are the 2 diagnosis of breast cancer?

A
  1. ultrasonagraphy
    - imaging method using high-pitched sound
  2. biopsy
    - removal and examination of a small piece of body tissue
52
Q

what are 3 methods of treating breast cancer?

A
  1. surgery: lumpectomy or mastectomy
  2. chemotherapy
  3. radiation
53
Q

what is the most common cancer in men?

A

prostate cancer

54
Q

what are 3 risk factors for developing prostate cancer?

A
  1. age (greater than 65)
  2. hereditary
  3. lifestyle
55
Q

what is the diagnosis, treatment, and survival rate of prostate cancer?

A

DIAGNOSIS

  • rectal exam
  • blood test
  • ultrasound
  • biopsy

TREATMENT

  • surgery
  • radioactive seeds

SURVIVAL RATE
- nearly 100% at 5 years

56
Q

what is the ABCD test for melanoma?

A
  1. asymmetry: one half does not match the other
  2. border: irregularity
  3. color: uniform
  4. diameter: >6mm
57
Q

what is the difference between basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma?

A
  • basal cell carcinoma: cancer of the deepest layers of skin

- squamous cell carcinoma: cancer of the surface layers of skin

58
Q

what is melanoma?

A

malignant tumor of skin that arises from pigmented cells

59
Q

what are 2 ways we can prevent skin cancer?

A
  1. use sunscreen

2. check UV index

60
Q

what are the UV index ranges?

A

0-2: minimal

3-4: low

5-6: moderate

7-9: high

10+: very high

61
Q

what is DNA?

A
  • deoxyribonucleic acid

- chemical substance that carries genetic information

62
Q

what is a chromosome?

A

threadlike body in a cell nucleus that contains molecules of DNA

63
Q

what is a gene?

A

section of chromosome that contain instructions for making a particular protein

64
Q

what happens when tumor suppressor genes are damaged?

A

rapid, uncontrolled cell growth

65
Q

what are carotenoids?

A
  • yellow to red pigments

- vitamin A precursors

66
Q

what are antioxidants?

A
  • substances that lessen the breakdown of food or body constituents
  • bonds oxygen and donates electrons
67
Q

what are free radicals?

A
  • electron seeking compounds that react with fats, proteins and DNA
  • damages cell membranes
  • mutates genes
68
Q

what are 4 carcinogens in the environment?

A
  1. ingested chemicals
  2. environmental and industrial pollution
  3. radiation
  4. microorganisms
69
Q

what are 6 ways we can prevent cancer?

A
  1. avoid tobacco
  2. avoid environmental and occupational carcinogens
  3. be aware of warning signs
  4. control diet and weight
  5. exercise regularly
  6. protect skin from sun
70
Q

what are 7 major warning sings of cancer?

A

CAUTION

  1. Change in bowel or bladder habits
  2. A sore that doesn’t heal
  3. Unusual bleeding or discharge
  4. Thickening or lump in breasts
  5. Indigestion or difficult swallowing
  6. Obvious change in wart or mole
  7. Nagging cough or hoarseness
71
Q

what are 3 physical changes of aging?

A
  1. looser, drier, less elastic skin
  2. hearing declines
  3. bone mass is lost, muscles are weaker
72
Q

what are 3 physiological capabilities that must be maintained and improved with age?

A
  1. muscular strength
  2. aerobic power
  3. balance
73
Q

what is complementary and alternative medicine?

A

any therapy or practice not part of conventional or mainstream health care and medical practices

74
Q

what are 3 ways to detect health care fraud and quackery?

A
  1. quick and effective cure-all
  2. “scientific breakthrough”, “miraculous cure”
  3. “money-back guarantee”

KINS 1103 (8 decks)

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