Chromosomal Inheritance Flashcards
_____ traits and diseases are sometimes referred to as multifactorial traits and diseases because they result from the actions of several genes working together (polygenic) and/or the combined influences of both genes and environment.
Complex
Complex traits _____ _____ dominant or recessive.
are not
_____ is also important in the final phenotype of a complex trait.
Environment
Extremes of a condition or trait tend to become more average over time in successive generations, also known as _____ to the _____.
- regression
2. mean
Genes that contribute to the phenotype but are not the primary cause of its expression are considered _____ genes.
modifier
_____ _____ are gene variants that increase a person’s risk of developing the phenotype.
Risk alleles
For every trait, there is a theoretical point called the _____, which indicates the point at which the number of risk alleles needed to express the disorder has just been met.
threshold
A _____ model is an estimate of the risk an individual has of experiencing a complex disease based on the number of risk alleles in his or her kindred.
liability
Twin concordance can help determine how much genetics contributes to a disease If twins are monozygotic (identical), they share nearly identical genomes. If one twin has a disease that is considered due to genetic variants, then the likelihood of the other twin having the same disease is _____%.
100
Dizygotic (fraternal) twins share only about _____% of their genomes.
50
_____ estimates (the proportion of the variance accounted for by genetic factors) tell us how important genetics is in creating disease risk.
Heritability
Families that already have one child with a genetic disorder are conceded that future children will have the same disorder, which is known as the _____ risk.
recurrence
The _____ is the entire set of DNA in a cell.
genome
Genes are turned ____ or _____, depending on the needs of a particular cell.
- on
2. off
