CHROMATOGRAPHY

Question 1

is a technique in which the components of a mixture are separated based on differences in the rates at which they are carried through a fixed or stationary phase by a gaseous or liquid mobile phase

Answer 1

Chromatography

Question 2

It is a phase that is fixed in place either in a column or on a planar surface

Answer 2

Stationary Phase

Question 3

It is the phase that moves over or through the stationary phase carrying with it the analyte mixture. - It can be gas, liquid or a supercritical fluid

Answer 3

Mobile Phase

Question 4

Stationary phase is held in a narrow tube
The mobile phase is forced through the tube under pressure or by gravity

Answer 4

Column Chromatography

Question 5

Used for the separation of steroids, barbiturates, blood alcohol and lipids

Answer 5

Gas Chromatography

Question 6

Two Types of Gas Chromatography

Answer 6

Gas Solid Chromatography
Gas Liquid Chromatography

Question 7

Measure differences in absorption at the solid phase surface
the mobile phase is a gas, and the stationary phase is a solid that retains the analytes by physical adsorption

Answer 7

Gas Solid Chromatography -

Question 8

Separation occurs by differences in solute partitioning between the gaseous mobile phase and the liquid stationary phase
the mobile phase is a gas, and the stationary phase is a liquid that is retained on the surface of an inert solid by adsorption or chemical bonding

Answer 8

Gas Liquid Chromatography

Question 9

Mobile phase in gas chromatography
Chemically inert

Answer 9

Carrier Gas System -

Question 10

is the most common mobile phase (argon, nitrogen, and hydrogen are also used)

Answer 10

Helium

Question 11

is widely used measure the desirable flow through the column.

Answer 11

Classical Soap Bubble -

Question 12

For high column efficiency, a suitably sized sample should be introduced as a “plug” of vapor.

Answer 12

Sample Injection System

Question 13

is achieved by increasing the column temperature continuously or in steps during elution

Answer 13

TEMPERATURE PROGRAMMING

Question 14

Most widely used and generally applicable detector for gas chromatography
Effluent from the column is directed into a small air/hydrogen flame

Answer 14

Flame Ionization Detector (FID)

Question 15

one of the earliest detectors for gas chromatography
Consist of an electrically heated source whose temperature at constant electric power depends on the thermal conductivity of the surrounding gas

Answer 15

Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD)

Question 16

Most widely used detectors for environmental samples
Selectively responds to halogen – containing organic compounds (pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls)

Answer 16

Electron Capture Detector (ECD)

Question 17

One of the most powerful detectors for gas chromatography
Based on the fragmentation and ionization of molecules using a suitable source of energy

Answer 17

Mass Spectrometry Detectors

Question 18

Gold standard for drug testing
Uses an electron beam to split the drug emerging from the column into its component ions

Answer 18

Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS)

Question 19

Can detect 20 inborn errors of metabolism from a single spot

Answer 19

Tandem Mass Spectroscopy (MS/MS)

Question 20

Also called open tubular columns

Answer 20

Capillary Column

Question 21

Capillary tubes coated with a thin layer of the liquid stationary phase
Columns are made of stainless steal, aluminum. Copper, or plastic

Answer 21

Wall – Coated Open Tubular (WCOT)

Question 22

The inner surface of the capillary is lined with a thin film of a solid support material on which the liquid stationary phase is adsorbed

Answer 22

Support – Coated Open Tubular (SCOT)

Question 23

Currently the most widely used GC columns.

Answer 23

Fused – Silica Open Tubular Capillaries

Question 24

Modern packed columns are fabricated from glass or metal tubing.
Typically 2 to 3 m long and have inside diameters of 2 to 4 mm.

Answer 24

Packed Columns

Question 25

Widely used to establish the purity of organic compounds

Answer 25

Qualitative Analysis

Question 26

Based on comparison of either the height or the area of an analyte peak with that of one or more standards.

Answer 26

Quantitative Analysis

Question 27

Based on the distribution of solutes between a liquid mobile phase and a stationary phase.

Answer 27

LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

Question 28

is the most widely used liquid chromatography.

Answer 28

HPLC

Question 29

Used for the fractionation of drugs, hormones, lipids, carbohydrates and proteins.

Answer 29

HPLC (high Performance Liquid Chromatography)

Question 30

Separates molecules based on differences in their size and shape

Answer 30

Gel/ Gel Permeation/ Gel Filtration/ Size Exclusion/ Molecular Sieve Chromatography

Question 31

for separation of enzymes, antibodies and proteins - Examples: DEXTRAN and AGAROSE

Answer 31

Hydrophilic Gel

Question 32

for separation of triglyceride and fatty acid - Example: sephadex

Answer 32

Hydrophobic Gel

Question 33

Separation of nucleic acid and proteins depends primarily on the sign and ionic charge density. For separation of amino acids, proteins and nucleic acids.

Answer 33

Ion Exchange Chromatography

Question 34

Separation is based on relative solubility in an organic (nonpolar) solvent and an aqueous (polar solvent) For separation of therapeutic drugs and their metabolites

Answer 34

Partition Chromatography (Liquid – Liquid Chromatography)

Question 35

Used to separate and prepare larger quantities of proteins and antibodies for study For separation of lipoproteins, Carbohydrates and glycated hemoglobin

Answer 35

Affinity Chromatography

Question 36

Separation is based on the differences between the adsorption and desorption of solutes at the surface of a solid particle

Answer 36

Adsorption Chromatography

Question 37

based on adsorption of gaseous substances on solid surfaces

Answer 37

Gas – Solid Chromatography