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MBB 222 After Midterm 2 > Chromatin > Flashcards

Chromatin Flashcards

1
Q

How many chromosome in human DNA

A

46 Chromosomes

23 Pairs

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2
Q

Mitosis Phases

A 
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase 
Telophase/Cytokinesis
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3
Q

Interphase

A

When DNA replicates includes G1/S/G2 and G0 phase(for non dividing cells)

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4
Q

Histone Function

A

Created during G1 phase.
It packages DNA into structured units
Protect DNA and regulate replication and transcription

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5
Q

G2 Phase

A

DNA content doubled ready for Mitosis using the chromatin that uses histone and non histone chromatin

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6
Q

G1 Phase

A

Histone synthesis

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7
Q

S Phase

A

DNA replication begins as G1 phase still continue s making Histone

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8
Q

Non Dividing Eukaryotic Cells have _____ Chromatin Fiber

A

Solenoid

Straight noodle looking.

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9
Q

Chromatin in Dividing Eukaryotic Cells are _______

A

Condensed chromosomes that are heterochromatin that have telomere centromere and arms.

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10
Q

Nuclear Lamina

A

Made of nuclear lamin proteins that form intermediate filaments that provide structure for nucleus

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11
Q

What organelle does the Endoplasmic Reticulum share a nuclear membrane with?

A

Nucleus

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12
Q

Nucleolus

A

Produces ribosome in a sub compartment in nucleus

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13
Q

10% of Chromosome arm in Metaphase form has around how many genes

A

40 Genes

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14
Q

Chromatin Consist Of?

A

Equal DNA and Protein with a little bit of RNA

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15
Q

First Tier Chromatin package

A

Nucleosomes

Bead on string

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16
Q

Why Histones are major components of chromatin

A

25% Lysine/Arginines to equalize the high charged DNA

17
Q

5 Type of Histone and Function

A

H2A H2B H3 H4
Core histones that use 2 of each to create octomer that DNA can wrap around
H1
Clamps DNA that is wrapped around the Core

18
Q

When nucleosomes compress into stage 2 of a 30nm Fibre where is the H1 located on the solenoid.

A

Interior

19
Q

Solenoid

A

The nucleosome compressed packed into a 30nm structure

20
Q

What proteins cause the DNA duplex to open up during transcription?

A

Histone modifying enzymes

Chromatin Remodeling Protiein

21
Q

Does the whole chromosome compact into 30nm Fibres?

A

No, some spots that are being actively transcribed have little or no H1 more disordered

22
Q

Nuclear Scaffold

A

Made of H1 and Topoisomerase II present to supercoil DNA in chromatin assembly

23
Q

What happens when you coil a coiled chromatin

A

DNA becomes TRANSCRIPTIONALLY SILENT

24
Q

How is a head to tail dimer made?

A

Handshake interaction between H2A H2B histones. Where N terminal of 1 connects with C terminal of another.

25
Q

Histone Core

A

2 H3 H4 Dimers
+ 2 H2A H2B Dimers
=Octomer core

26
Q

N terminal tails

A

stick out of histone octamer but no specific orientation and are flexible/invisible.
Positive

27
Q

DNA wraps around the histone octomer with ____ turns of NEGATIVE super coil

A

1.65

28
Q

Chromatin Remodeling

A

Remodeling chromatin by modifying histones using enzymes to make the DNA more accessible (The parts that are used for expression and parts that need fixing)

29
Q

Can Chromatin Remodeling cause nucelosomes to move to a different location?

A

Yes
It can move locations and make DNA more accessible
Its done by hydrolzing ATP

30
Q

Chromosome Transmission is controlled by?

A

Replication origin more than 1
Centromere 1
Telomere 2

31
Q

Centromere is?

A

Attachment site for mitotic spindle because of KINETOCHORE

Allows for 1 copy of chromosome to be pulled to each daughter cell

32
Q

Replication Origin

A

Spot of DNA Replication start

More than one so fast replication

33
Q

Telomere

A

End of chromosomes
Protects Ends from being eaten by nucleases
HIGHLY REPETITIVE SEQUENCE

34
Q

How to complete the 5’ end of DNA due to missing 3’OH to fill in strand.

A

In other parts of the DNA its provided by the Okazaki fragment
Telomerase adds sequence to existing telomeres

35
Q

Telomerase What Do?

A

Enzyme contains RNA component around 150 nucleotides long that acts as a template for telomere, by extending the 3’ end.

36
Q

How to protect the ssDNA ends

A

Lower Eukaryotes specific binding proteins protect

Higher Eukaryotes have a T-Loop created by TRF1 and TRF2

MBB 222 After Midterm 2 (1 decks)

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