Christianity and the rise of the individual

Question 1

What happens during the Middle Ages ?

Answer 1

civic order emerged in Western Europe out of brutality and violence, and for the first time religion played an independent role, a period of achievement vs the Dark Ages

Question 2

What was the consequence of the division of the West Roman Empire ?

Answer 2

Successive waves of migration by tribes pushed westward by pressure of others behind them

Question 3

What were the things that new civilizations were attrected to ?

Answer 3

Attracted by the prosperity and civilization of the Roman Empire

Question 4

Where the security come from ?

Answer 4

came from protection by a class of professional warriors – at a price

Question 5

Civil order had to be reinvented based on what ?

Answer 5

a) The vital love of freedom inherited from the barbarians themselves (tribal lawon which their identity was based)
b) dealings and agreemnets btwn a king and his more important vassals - decentralization (bound to each other by oath)
c) Christian religion

Question 6

Who were the guardians of the law ?

Answer 6

kings

Question 7

From whom they inherited the law o femphasis on community ?

Answer 7

From their ancestors

Question 8

What do they prioritized btwn community and the others ?

Answer 8

A strong moral and legal sense of how to treat one`s own community
Very little care for the ‘others’
Gradually, they will include the ‘others’ within their law and extend it across the land they controlled

Question 9

Why dealings between a king and his more important vassals became essential ?

Answer 9

Evolution from small, moving courts to bigger, fixed courts, usually located in castles
The authority must consult with its subjects

Question 10

representation of law of tribes

Answer 10

The law of the tribes they represented became the law of the land they controlled

Question 11

How was set civil order ?

Answer 11

Civil order had to be constructed by agreement with a set of magnates whose control over their own tenants gave them an independent position of their own

Question 12

What is the geographic advantage of Europe ?

Answer 12

Europe is a well watered continent and its agriculture does not depend upon the construction of large digs and irrigation systems

Question 13

What ais the consequence of the geographic connection ?

Answer 13

Because of water and weather, local life is relatively independent of central power

Question 14

What caracterized the 11th century ?

Answer 14

a mosaic of independent principalities ruled by dukes and counts, some independent cities, and the beginnings of the future nation-states

Question 15

What the feuodalism consist in ?

Answer 15

A new type of relationship between free individuals – what can one do when there is no government to protect him
Kings grants land to barons that grants land to knights that grants land to villains that provide food to knights thta provide military to barons that provide money and knights to king.

Question 16

In what consists vassalages ?

Answer 16

Warriors swore an oath of loyalty to their leader – they fought for their chief and he, in turn, took care of their needs.
The relationship between lord and vassal was made official by a public ceremony.

Question 17

Vassal def

Answer 17

an individual who served a lord in a military capacity

Question 18

What does the lord - vassal realtion allow ?

Answer 18

The lord – vassal relation bound together both greater and lesser landowners
The King had a number of vassals from the great lords, whom in turn had their own vassals, who also had their own vassals

Question 19

What are the main points of feuodalism ?

Answer 19

An honourable relationship between free men
A set of practices: military service, usually about forty days a year, should also appear to his lord’s court when summoned, aid or financial payments to the lord on a number of occasions (marriage, ransom)
Protection: military and in the court of law

Question 20

what are the facts about powerful nobles took control

Answer 20

Powerful nobles took control of large areas of land – gave grants of land to vassals who fought for them
A shift in weaponry too: heavily armoured cavalry becomes more important than the foot soldiers
Difficult to pay for the heavy armour – land allowed the warrior to pay for those expenses – the knights

Question 21

What is the respective function o fkings, nobles and the church?

Answer 21

Kings intrigued, nobles fought wars, the Church took an active and direct role.

Question 22

what determined which among the variety of languages and cultures across Europe came to be identified with nations?

Answer 22

an intermixture of policy and accident
+ The fashion for courtly romance – generated a different place for women in Western civ

Question 23

What was the interests of the nobolity and the richer inhabitants of the cities ?

Answer 23

Rights and liberties

Question 24

Parallel with nowdays

Answer 24

The voter of today inherits the rights first sustained by the barons of old

Question 25

how freedom was sustain ?

Answer 25

The culture needed to sustain freedom had been thoroughly tested in custom and institution before the movement for democracy extended these rights to all

Question 26

Why does democracy is wel installed in our western societies ?

Answer 26

Democracy has emerged in the European states out of an organic development which sustains it at a profound level – many hundreds of years
This explains why transplanting democracy to other parts of the Globe is so difficult

Question 27

What the essence of Medieval politics ?

Answer 27

The King could not rule without the co-operation of partners (nobles, magnates of the Curch, rich city fellows)

Question 28

Why the essence of Medieval politics generated the Parliement ?

Answer 28

This situation generated the new institution of the Parliament – different from one country to another
Kings needed parliaments to agree taxation and sometimes to give weight to royal policy in international dealings
Parliaments responded to the exigencies of the moment – unplanned, they turned out to be the essential instruments of democracy

Question 29

Religion def

Answer 29

the beliefs and feelings a civilization has about the point of being alive

Question 30

What is the founding of Christianism ?

Answer 30

Christianism is a religion of the book – it sets a premium on education and literacy, both considered as indispensable for a civilized society
Based on the materials to be found in the New Testament

Question 31

Def christianity

Answer 31

religion of moral challenges (Human life was a time of trial and test, after which some people would have immortal life)

Question 32

What is the responsabilty of humans in the Christianity ?

Answer 32

Each person was the custodian of his/her own soul and responsible to God for it
Death was no escape from this responsibility

Question 33

Why was is not a religion of peace ?

Answer 33

Despite preaching peace and humility, it was not a religion of peace – the Crusades

Question 34

Who was affected by this religion?

Answer 34

It affected great and humble alike – not an elitist movement, like the Greeks had
Greeks: full humanity was possible for the hero and the philosopher
Christianism: the humble people were closest to the spirit of love that God was thought to require
The Church turned marriage into a sacred as well as a merely social bond – another major change in the social position of women

Question 35

What is the strenght of the religion ?

Answer 35

Women were equal to men before God
A faith preaching peace and love

Question 36

In what way religion impacted politics ?

Answer 36

From the viewpoint of politics, the real significance of Christianity was its transformation of human values – equality for each human soul

Question 37

How modern human being has to be made ?

Answer 37

Modern human beings must be conceived of in terms of will
Christianity turned human attention away from political conquest and the material things of the world towards the cultivation of inner life
Still present in our daily lives

Question 38

What did the christianity do ?

Answer 38

The Christian religion transformed the Roman Empire and allowed new spiritual shoots to grow amid the decay of its civil and military

Question 39

Does the Europe was govern by christianity ? In what way christianity impacted Europe ?

Answer 39

Europe was spiritually governed by an absolute monarch whose agents were charged with the regulation of large areas of life.
European architecture was dominated by the vast cathedrals of the towns and by the churches found in every village.