Christian Ethics - Parker - Midterm Exam - Charleston Southern University

Question 1

Ethical subjectivism

Answer 1

the belief that moral judgments are based on individual feelings, opinions, or personal perspectives……what is right or wrong depends on what each person believes or feels is right or wrong for themselves.

Question 2

why does wilkens address the issue of worldview in his chapter on “Ethics and worldview”

Answer 2

• believes it’s crucial to understand how ethical systems fit into broader frameworks of beliefs and assumptions about the world.
• aims to ensure internal consistency and coherence in ethical beliefs.
• asking relevant questions about ultimate reality and human nature.

Question 3

why does worldview influence ethics?

Answer 3

lays a framework of beliefs and assumptions about the world, guiding individuals in determining what is morally right or wrong based on their understanding of reality, values, and principles.

Question 4

emotivism

Answer 4

moral statements are expressions of personal feelings or attitudes rather than statements of fact

Question 5

how is emotivism different from ethical subjectivism?

Answer 5

ethical subjectivism is rooted in one’s worldview beliefs and assertions….VS….emotivism is rooted in one’s emotions or attitude

Question 6

criticism of emotivism:

Answer 6

• focuses on expressions personal feelings about morals, without telling why people have those feelings or the principles behind them.
• contradicting moral feelings(can I not feel two contradicting emotions at the same time)

Question 7

ethical egoism

Answer 7

people should act in their own self-interest to try to maximize their own happiness or well-being above everything1

Question 8

psychological egoism

Answer 8

all human actions are ultimately motivated by self-interest, whether consciously or unconsciously.

Question 9

egotism

Answer 9

being excessively focused on yourself, prioritizing your own wants over other people’s.

Question 10

difference between ethical egoism V.S. psychological egoism and egotism

Answer 10

Ethical egoism - prioritization as a moral principle.

Psychological egoism - descriptive theory about human behavior suggesting that all actions are motivated by self-interest.

Egotism - behavioral trait characterized by excessive self-focus and a lack of concern for others.

Question 11

cultural relativism

Answer 11

moral and truth statements of right and wrong are subjectively rooted in one’s culture

Question 12

Wilkens critique of cultural relativism

Answer 12

• prioritizing cultural norms over God’s commands
• how can we define culture?
• contradicting moral truths?
• despite cultural differences, many cultures share similar moral rules
• denying absolute truth while condemning intolerance.
• unable to explain moral improvement without absolute rules

Question 13

euthyphro dilemma

Answer 13

Is something morally good because God commands it
VS
Does God command it because it is morally good?

Question 14

Explain how the following statement is defended by proponents of Divine Command Ethics, and how this statement connects to DCE: “Good and evil do not exist independently of God. Instead, they are created by God just as surely as we are.”

Answer 14

good and evil do not exist independently of God; they are created by God just as humans are…….connects to DCE by emphasizing the belief that moral standards originate from God’s commands, making them inherently tied to God’s nature and will.

Question 15

Explain the “We can’t do away with reason” objection to divine command ethics”

Answer 15

disregarding reason in ethical decision-making can lead to dilemmas and inconsistencies……advocate for incorporating reason alongside divine commands to ensure coherent and consistent moral judgments, emphasizing the need for rational scrutiny in ethical frameworks.

Question 16

Explain the “Why do non-Christians come up with the same laws?” objection to divine command theory

Answer 16

The objection questions why non-Christians come up with similar moral laws if morality is solely based on divine commands. It suggests that moral principles might exist independently of religious beliefs, undermining the central claim of divine command theory.

Question 17

virtue

Answer 17

a positive trait or quality that is considered morally good

Question 18

vice

Answer 18

a negative trait or quality that is considered morally bad

Question 19

How do we decide what traits are virtues according to Plato?

Answer 19

Plato thinks virtues are qualities that help people be the best they can be…..These qualities, like wisdom, courage, and fairness, make us better individuals and create harmony in society(virtue ethics)

Question 20

Describe the relationship between virtue and reason for Aristotle

Answer 20

virtue comes from using reason wisely, especially the rational part of our soul. Practicing virtue means making rational choices for a balanced and harmonious life, guided by reason towards moral excellence.

Question 21

Explain the “Needs a more fundamental approach to the question of why be virtuous” objection to Virtue Ethics.

Answer 21

lacks a clear reason why people should cultivate virtues

struggle to give good reasons for moral behavior

Question 22

How might a Christian virtue ethicist respond to the objection “Needs a more fundamental approach to the question of why be virtuous”?

Answer 22

virtues are valuable because they reflect God’s character. Virtue isn’t just about following rules or maximizing utility but about aligning with God’s will and reflecting His character in life.

Question 23

Summarize Wilkens overview of the foundations of Kant’s approach. [Include the concept of duty,the role of reason, the will, and the place of motive

Answer 23

In summary, Kant’s moral philosophy centers on duty, reason, the will, and motive. Duty, as Kant sees it, is the centerpiece of morality, emphasizing obligation over personal desires. Kant believes that ethical principles should be grounded in reason alone, not contingent on individual preferences, cultural norms, or divine commands. He argues that humans possess moral responsibility due to their capacity for rationality, which allows them to deliberate and make decisions freely. The will, when guided by reason, leads to morally good actions. Kant places great importance on motive, asserting that ethical evaluation should focus on the intention behind actions rather than their outcomes.

Kant’s ethical framework is built upon the concept of the Categorical Imperative, which directs individuals to act only on maxims that can be universalized without contradiction. This principle emphasizes treating humanity as an end in itself, rather than merely as a means to an end. Kant’s approach aims to establish objective moral rules based on logical consistency, independent of personal desires or consequences.

Question 24

what is the distinction between hypothetical imperatives and categorical imperatives?

Answer 24

Hypothetical imperatives are conditional commands based on personal desires or goals, while categorical imperatives are unconditional moral commands based on reason alone, applicable universally to all rational beings.

Question 25

why is the between hypothetical imperatives and categorical imperatives central to Kant’s ethical theory?

Answer 25

The distinction is important for Kant’s ethical theory because he argues that moral principles must be based on reason alone, rather than contingent on individual desires or preferences. Categorical imperatives provide a framework for determining moral duties that apply universally and are not dependent on subjective goals or desires. They represent objective moral laws that are binding on all rational beings. By emphasizing the categorical nature of moral duties, Kant seeks to establish a foundation for ethics that is grounded in rationality and universally applicable.

Question 26

What is The Categorical Imperative(specifically in its first form), and what role does it play in Kant’s ethics? [Be sure to explain how the categorical imperative is connected to judging other categorical imperatives

Answer 26

The Categorical Imperative, in its first form, dictates that one should “act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.” This means that actions should be based on principles that can be universally applied without contradiction. It serves as the fundamental principle of Kantian ethics, guiding moral decision-making by emphasizing the importance of consistency and rationality in determining ethical duties. It also serves as a tool for evaluating the morality of actions, as it requires individuals to assess whether their maxims, or personal rules of conduct, can be universalized without leading to logical contradictions. In essence, the Categorical Imperative helps individuals identify moral obligations that are binding on all rational beings, irrespective of personal desires or circumstances.

Question 27

explain the objection to Kantianism “Conflicting (apparent) categorical imperatives.”

Answer 27

The objection of “Conflicting (apparent) categorical imperatives” arises when two or more maxims or principles that seem to be categorical imperatives come into conflict with each other. In other words, situations may arise where following one moral duty appears to contradict another moral duty, both of which seem to be universally applicable. This objection challenges the idea that there can be clear and absolute moral rules that apply universally without exception. Critics argue that the presence of conflicting imperatives highlights a weakness in Kantian ethics, as it suggests that the Categorical Imperative may not always provide a straightforward solution to moral dilemmas.

Question 28

Be able to explain the objection to Kantianism “Insufficient place for love.”

Answer 28

The objection of “Insufficient place for love” criticizes Kantian ethics for its perceived lack of emphasis on the role of love and other emotions in moral decision-making. Critics argue that Kant’s focus on rationality and duty neglects the importance of emotions, compassion, and empathy in ethical deliberation. Love, for example, is considered by many to be a significant moral motivator and a crucial aspect of human relationships. However, Kant’s emphasis on rational principles and the universalizability of maxims may not fully account for the complexities of human emotions and relationships. Critics argue that Kantian ethics fails to provide an adequate framework for incorporating the moral significance of love and other emotions into ethical decision-making, leading to an incomplete understanding of morality.

Question 29

natural theology

Answer 29

the use of reason and observation of the natural world to understand the existence and attributes of God.

Question 30

how does natural theology relate to natural law?

Answer 30

Natural theology provides a foundation for natural law by offering arguments for the existence of a divine creator and source of moral order. The existence of God, as inferred through natural theology, often serves as the basis for grounding objective moral principles, which are then articulated within the framework of natural law theory. In this way, natural theology informs natural law by providing a metaphysical and theological basis for understanding the origin and nature of moral principles.

Question 31

According to Natural Law Theory, what are two ethically important truths about God revealed by nature?

Answer 31

• God as creator
• God as lawgiver

-

Question 32

God as creator

Answer 32

Nature reveals God as the creator of the universe and all that exists within it. This recognition underscores the inherent order, purpose, and design found in the natural world, suggesting that moral principles are grounded in the divine plan.

Question 33

God as lawgiver

Answer 33

Nature also reflects God’s role as the source of moral law. The inherent order and regularity observed in natural phenomena imply the existence of objective moral norms that govern human behavior. These moral laws are considered to be expressions of God’s will and are discoverable through reason and reflection on the natural order.

Question 34

What is the primary principle of Natural Law, and what are secondary principles of Natural Law?

Answer 34

The primary principle of Natural Law is often summarized as “do good and avoid evil.” It is the fundamental moral guideline that underpins Natural Law theory.

The secondary principles of Natural Law are derived from the primary principle and provide more specific ethical norms or rules. These secondary principles aim to guide human behavior in accordance with the overarching goal of promoting human flourishing and well-being. Examples of secondary principles include principles related to justice, honesty, integrity, respect for life, and the pursuit of virtuous living.

Question 35

Explain the “Can we get from facts to values?” objection to Natural Law Ethics. How might a NaturalLaw theorist respond?

Answer 35

The “Can we get from facts to values?” objection questions if objective moral principles can be derived solely from empirical observations. Natural Law theorists respond by asserting that while facts alone may not determine values, aspects of human nature and the natural order can provide a basis for moral principles. They argue that reason and understanding human nature can bridge the gap between facts and values, guiding ethical decision-making. The Is V.S. ought fallacy.

Question 36

utilitarianism

Answer 36

the right action is the one that maximizes overall happiness or pleasure and minimizes suffering or pain for the greatest number of people.

Question 37

What is the fundamental ethical value?

Answer 37

The fundamental ethical value in utilitarianism is the promotion of happiness or pleasure.

Question 38

How is utilitarianism different from egoism?

Answer 38

Utilitarianism differs from egoism in that egoism focuses solely on the individual’s own happiness or self-interest, while utilitarianism considers the happiness of all individuals affected by an action. Egoism prioritizes personal benefit without regard to the consequences for others, whereas utilitarianism considers the collective well-being of all parties involved.

Question 39

Explain the two types of utilitarianism – quantitative and qualitative. Be sure to include the key figure associated with each. (This answer will require several sentences for each type)

Answer 39

Qualitative utilitarianism, associated with John Stuart Mill, emphasizes the quality of pleasure rather than just its quantity. Mill argues that not all pleasures are equal and that some types of pleasure, such as those derived from intellectual or aesthetic pursuits, are superior to others. Therefore, qualitative utilitarianism considers the higher pleasures, those that engage the faculties of the mind, as more valuable than mere physical pleasures. Mill famously stated, “It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied.” Thus, qualitative utilitarianism focuses on promoting the greatest happiness by prioritizing the fulfillment of higher intellectual and moral faculties.

Question 40

Explain the “Conflicts with justice” objection to Utilitarianism. Provide an example to illustrate.

Answer 40

The objection “Conflicts with justice” against utilitarianism arises from scenarios where following utilitarian principles may lead to outcomes that are considered unjust or unfair. For example, in a utilitarian calculation, it might be deemed acceptable to sacrifice the rights or interests of a minority group if doing so would bring about greater overall happiness for the majority. This could manifest in situations where minority rights are violated or individuals are treated unjustly for the supposed benefit of society as a whole. Critics argue that such sacrifices of justice undermine the moral integrity of utilitarianism and highlight its potential for overlooking fundamental principles of fairness and equity in pursuit of maximizing aggregate happiness.

Question 41

Identify and explain the 4 considerations in moral evaluations

Answer 41

• consequences
• intentions
• rights
• virtues

Question 42

Explain Lewis’s 3 parts of morality. Use one of Lewis’s analogies to help illustrate the distinction between the 3 parts

Answer 42

Social Ethics: The fleet of ships represents society as a whole, with each ship representing an individual person. Social ethics govern how these ships interact with each other on the open sea, ensuring fair navigation, cooperation, and mutual respect to avoid collisions or conflicts.

Individual Ethics: Within each ship, there are crew members responsible for its operation. Individual ethics pertain to the character and conduct of these crew members. It involves qualities like discipline, integrity, teamwork, and leadership, which contribute to the smooth sailing and overall success of each ship.

Natural Law: The sea itself symbolizes the natural order or moral law that governs the entire fleet. Just as the sea imposes certain constraints and guidelines on how ships navigate, natural law provides universal principles that guide human behavior, transcending individual ships or crews. Following these principles leads to safe navigation and harmony within the fleet.

Question 43

What are the 4 core beliefs of Evolutionary Ethics

Answer 43

Descriptive Naturalism: This belief asserts that moral values and norms have evolved naturally over time through the process of biological and cultural evolution. It views morality as a product of natural selection, shaped by the adaptive needs of human societies.

Normative Relativism: Evolutionary ethics holds that moral norms and values are relative to cultural and societal contexts. It suggests that there are no objective moral truths but rather diverse moral systems that have emerged in different societies based on their unique histories, environments, and social structures.

Moral Pluralism: This principle acknowledges the existence of multiple moral systems and ethical perspectives across different cultures and societies. It rejects the idea of a single universal moral framework and instead recognizes the diversity of moral beliefs and practices worldwide.

Explanatory Skepticism: Evolutionary ethics expresses skepticism about the capacity of evolutionary theory to fully explain the origins and foundations of morality. While it acknowledges the role of evolution in shaping human moral behavior, it also recognizes the complexity of moral phenomena and the limitations of evolutionary explanations in accounting for all aspects of morality

Question 44

E O Wilson thinks that religion can be explained on the assumption of naturalistic evolution. How does he explain the rise of religion? What does he think can replace the role of religion? [see §“Minds, Culture and Religion]

Answer 44

religion arose as a byproduct of cognitive and social adaptations favored by natural selection. Human evolution predisposed us to believe in supernatural beings and engage in religious rituals, promoting social cohesion and cooperation within groups.

Wilson argues that religion played important social roles in human evolution but suggests secular ethical systems like humanism and utilitarianism can fulfill these functions in modern societies through shared values.

Question 45

Explain the “Can’t get from is to ought” objection to Evolutionary Ethics.

Answer 45

understanding how things are in nature doesn’t determine how they should be morally. While evolutionary theory explains human behavior, it doesn’t dictate moral standards. There’s a gap between descriptive facts and prescriptive morals, which evolutionary theory alone cannot bridge.

Question 46

Explain rae Rae’s (lol see what i did there!) position on the ultimate grounding of ethics (be sure to include the relationship between virtues and moral principles)

Answer 46

rae Rae :) argues that the ultimate grounding of ethics lies in God’s nature. He believes that virtues, such as love, justice, and honesty, are reflections of God’s character and moral principles flow from these virtues. In other words, virtues serve as the foundation for moral principles, and both are grounded in the nature of God. Therefore, ethical norms are not arbitrary but are rooted in the nature of God and are consistent with His character

Question 47

Discuss the role of love in Biblical Ethics, and articulate a biblical account of love

Answer 47

In Biblical Ethics, love plays a central and foundational role. According to the Bible, love is not just an emotion but an action, a commitment, and a way of life. It is the supreme virtue that underlies all moral conduct and relationships.

A biblical account of love can be found in various passages throughout the Bible, but one of the most renowned is found in 1 Corinthians 13:4-8:

“Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It does not dishonor others, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs. Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. It always protects, always trusts, always hopes, always perseveres. Love never fails.”

This passage outlines the characteristics and actions of genuine love according to the Bible. It emphasizes qualities such as patience, kindness, humility, selflessness, forgiveness, honesty, and perseverance. True love, according to the Bible, is sacrificial and seeks the well-being of others above oneself.

In Biblical Ethics, love is not just a suggestion but a commandment. Jesus summarized the commandments into two: to love God with all one’s heart, soul, and mind, and to love one’s neighbor as oneself (Matthew 22:37-39). This highlights the centrality of love in Christian ethics and underscores its importance in shaping moral behavior and relationships

Question 48

Explain the three categories that Rae gives in explaining how Christians can apply the Mosaic law,and how Christians should understand the laws in each category in their contemporary relevance

Answer 48

Civil Laws: These laws were specific to the nation of Israel and governed its civil and social life. They included regulations regarding property, inheritance, crime, and punishment. Christians today should recognize that these laws were tailored to the cultural context of ancient Israel and may not directly apply to modern societies. However, principles underlying these laws, such as justice, fairness, and respect for property rights, can still inform contemporary legal systems.

Ceremonial Laws: These laws pertained to religious rituals, sacrifices, and ceremonies in ancient Israel. They regulated worship practices, priesthood, and purification rites. With the coming of Jesus Christ, who fulfilled the ceremonial aspects of the law, Christians are no longer bound by these regulations. Instead, they find their fulfillment in the person and work of Christ. However, understanding the symbolic meanings behind these laws can deepen Christians’ appreciation for the redemptive work of Christ.

Moral Laws: These laws encompass ethical principles that reflect God’s moral character and are applicable to all people in all times. They include the Ten Commandments and other moral injunctions found in the Mosaic law. Unlike civil and ceremonial laws, moral laws are enduring and provide timeless standards for human conduct. Christians are called to uphold these moral principles as they reflect God’s will for human flourishing and righteous living. While the cultural expressions of morality may change over time, the underlying moral truths remain constant.

In contemporary relevance, Christians should approach the Mosaic law discerningly, recognizing its historical context and the distinctions between civil, ceremonial, and moral laws. While civil and ceremonial laws may not directly apply to modern Christian living, they can still offer insights into God’s character and purposes. Moral laws, on the other hand, provide enduring principles for ethical living and serve as a guide for Christians in navigating moral issues and making decisions aligned with God’s will.

Question 49

How is Genesis 1:26-27 significant for Christian Ethics? Specifically discuss the implications of this passage for ethics discussed in class.

Answer 49

Genesis 1:26-27 is significant for Christian ethics because it lays the foundation for understanding the intrinsic value and dignity of human beings. The passage states:

“Then God said, ‘Let us make mankind in our image, in our likeness, so that they may rule over the fish in the sea and the birds in the sky, over the livestock and all the wild animals, and over all the creatures that move along the ground.’ So God created mankind in his own image, in the image of God he created them; male and female he created them.”

This passage carries several implications for ethics discussed in class:

Imago Dei (Image of God): The concept of humans being created in the image of God affirms their inherent worth and dignity. This foundational belief shapes Christian ethics by emphasizing the value of every individual regardless of their characteristics, abilities, or circumstances. It provides a basis for respecting human rights, promoting social justice, and fostering compassion and empathy towards others.

Stewardship and Responsibility: The mandate given to humanity to “rule over” the earth implies a role of stewardship and responsibility. Christians understand this as a call to care for creation, including both the environment and other living beings. This ethic of stewardship encourages practices that promote sustainability, ecological integrity, and compassionate treatment of animals.

Equality and Diversity: The passage underscores the equality of all human beings, stating that both male and female are created in the image of God. This challenges discriminatory attitudes and practices based on gender, ethnicity, or any other distinctions. It fosters a vision of inclusivity, diversity, and mutual respect within human society.

Ethical Treatment of Others: Recognizing the divine image in every person compels Christians to treat others with dignity, compassion, and love. This extends to how individuals interact with one another in various contexts, including family, community, and society. It forms the basis for ethical principles such as love for neighbor, empathy, forgiveness, and social responsibility.

In summary, Genesis 1:26-27 provides a theological foundation for Christian ethics by affirming the intrinsic worth of every human being as created in the image of God. This understanding shapes ethical attitudes and behaviors, guiding Christians in their relationships with others and their stewardship of the world.

Question 50

Summarize the role of virtues in Christian ethics, and unique aspects of Christian virtue ethics

Answer 50

In Christian ethics, virtues play a central role in shaping moral character and guiding ethical behavior. Virtues are understood as character traits or dispositions that enable individuals to act in accordance with God’s will and to pursue a life of moral excellence. They are cultivated through ongoing moral formation, spiritual practices, and reliance on divine grace.

Unique aspects of Christian virtue ethics include:

Teleological Orientation: Christian virtue ethics is teleological, meaning it is oriented towards an ultimate goal or end. In Christian ethics, the ultimate end is union with God and conformity to the image of Christ. Virtues are understood as qualities that lead individuals towards this goal, helping them to grow in holiness and love.

Theological Foundation: Christian virtue ethics is grounded in theological principles derived from Scripture and tradition. Virtues are understood in light of Christian teachings about God’s character, the nature of humanity, and the moral life. The theological virtues of faith, hope, and love are considered foundational virtues that inform and shape all other virtues.

Community and Communion: Christian virtue ethics emphasizes the communal nature of morality and the importance of relationships within the Christian community. Virtues are not merely individual traits but are cultivated and practiced in the context of Christian fellowship, worship, and service. The virtues of love, forgiveness, and hospitality are particularly emphasized in fostering a sense of unity and mutual care among believers.

Transformation and Grace: Christian virtue ethics acknowledges the need for divine grace in the process of moral formation and transformation. While individuals are called to cultivate virtues through personal effort and discipline, they also rely on the empowering presence of the Holy Spirit to grow in virtue and overcome sin and temptation. Grace enables believers to live virtuous lives and participate in God’s redemptive work in the world.

Overall, Christian virtue ethics offers a holistic framework for moral living that integrates theological reflection, spiritual practices, and ethical action. It emphasizes the cultivation of virtues as a means of embodying Christ-like character and fulfilling God’s purposes in the world.

Question 51

Discuss the role of the Holy Spirit, and the role of grace, in Christian ethics

Answer 51

In Christian ethics, the role of the Holy Spirit and the concept of grace are foundational to understanding moral formation, ethical decision-making, and the pursuit of holiness.

Role of the Holy Spirit: The Holy Spirit is seen as the divine presence and power that dwells within believers, guiding them in their moral lives and empowering them to live in accordance with God’s will. The Spirit’s role in Christian ethics can be understood in several ways:

Conviction of Sin: The Holy Spirit convicts individuals of sin, prompting them to recognize their moral failings and turn to God in repentance and confession.

Transformation: The Spirit works within believers to transform their hearts and minds, conforming them to the image of Christ. This transformation involves the cultivation of virtues and the development of moral character.

Guidance: The Spirit provides guidance and direction in ethical decision-making, illuminating Scripture, and leading believers to discern God’s will in specific situations.

Empowerment: The Spirit empowers believers to live out their faith with courage, perseverance, and integrity, enabling them to resist temptation and overcome evil.

Unity and Communion: The Spirit fosters a sense of unity and communion among believers, cultivating love, forgiveness, and mutual care within the Christian community.

Role of Grace: Grace is understood as God’s unmerited favor and loving-kindness towards humanity, manifested supremely in the person of Jesus Christ. In Christian ethics, grace plays a central role in several aspects:

Salvation: Grace is the means by which individuals are saved and reconciled to God. Through the sacrificial death and resurrection of Jesus Christ, God offers forgiveness and redemption to all who believe.

Moral Formation: Grace enables believers to grow in virtue and moral maturity. It empowers them to overcome sin and cultivate Christ-like character through the indwelling presence of the Holy Spirit.

Ethical Action: Grace motivates and empowers believers to engage in acts of love, mercy, and justice towards others. It inspires selfless service and sacrificial giving, reflecting God’s love for humanity.

Hope and Assurance: Grace gives believers hope and assurance of God’s faithfulness and presence in their lives. It provides comfort and strength in times of difficulty and sustains them in their journey of faith.

Overall, the role of the Holy Spirit and the concept of grace are integral to Christian ethics, shaping believers’ moral lives and guiding them in their pursuit of righteousness and holiness. Through the transforming work of the Spirit and the unmerited gift of grace, Christians are called to live lives that reflect the love, mercy, and justice of God.