chpt9

Question 1

Cognition

Answer 1

all the mental activities associated with thinking knowing remembering and communicating

Question 2

prototype

Answer 2

a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories(as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird such as a robin)

Question 3

concepts

Answer 3

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

Question 4

algorithms

Answer 4

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier- but also more error-prone- use of heuristics

Question 5

heuristics

Answer 5

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error prone than algorithms

Question 6

insight

Answer 6

a sudden realization of a problem’s solution; contrasts with strategy-based problems

Question 7

confirmation bias

Answer 7

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

Question 8

Mental set

Answer 8

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.

Question 9

Intuition

Answer 9

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

Question 10

Availability heuristic

Answer 10

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind(perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common

Question 11

representative heuristic

Answer 11

when we estimate the probability of an event based on how similar it is to a known situation. In other words, we compare it to a situation, prototype, or stereotype we already have in mind.

Question 12

Overconfidence

Answer 12

the tendency to be more confident than correct-to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements

Question 13

Belief perseverance

Answer 13

clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

Question 14

Framing

Answer 14

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.

Question 15

Creativity

Answer 15

the ability to produce new and valuable ideas.

Question 16

Convergent thinking

Answer 16

narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

Question 17

Divergent thinking

Answer 17

expanding the number of possible problem solutions; creative thinking that diverges in different directions

Question 18

5 components to creativity

Answer 18

Expertise, imaginative thinking skills, a venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, and a creative environment

Question 19

Language

Answer 19

our spoken, written, or signed words, and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning

Question 20

Phonemes

Answer 20

in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

Question 21

Morphemes

Answer 21

in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be fixed to a word or a part of a word(such as a prefix)

Question 22

Grammar

Answer 22

a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. In a given language

Question 23

semantics

Answer 23

is the set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds

Question 24

syntax

Answer 24

is the set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences.

Question 25

receptive language

Answer 25

babies ability to understand what is said to and about them. Infants language comprehension greatly outpaces their language production

Question 26

Productive language

Answer 26

babies ability to produce words. They recognize noun-verb differences

Question 27

Babbling stage

Answer 27

beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language

Question 28

One-word stage

Answer 28

the stage in speech development, from about 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words

Question 29

Two-word stage

Answer 29

beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements(telegraphic speech)

Question 30

Telegraphic speech

Answer 30

early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram- “go car”- using mostly nouns and verbs

Question 31

Aphasia

Answer 31

impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area(impairing speaking) or to Wernicke’s area(impairing understanding)

Question 32

Broca’s Area

Answer 32

controls language expression- an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.

Question 33

Wernike’s area

Answer 33

controls language reception- a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe.

Question 34

Linguistic determinism

Answer 34

Whorf’s(Benjamin Lee Whorf) hypothesis that language determines the way we think

Question 35

concept

Answer 35

a mental grouping of similar objects events ideas or people