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chapter 3 consciousness > chpt3 > Flashcards

chpt3 Flashcards

1
Q

Consciousness

A

our awareness of ourselves and our environment

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2
Q

Cognitive neuroscience:

A

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition(including perception, thinking, memory, and language).

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3
Q

Dual-processing

A

the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks.

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4
Q

Blindsight

A

a condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it.

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5
Q

Parallel processing:

A

The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions

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6
Q

Selective attention

A

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

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7
Q

inattentional blindness

A

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

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8
Q

Change blindness

A

failing to notice changes in the environment

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9
Q

Sleep

A

periodic, natural loss of consciousness- as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation.

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10
Q

Circadian rhythm:

A

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms(for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle.

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11
Q

REM sleep

A

rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed(except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active

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12
Q

Alpha waves

A

the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed awake state

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13
Q

Hallucination

A

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

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14
Q

Delta waves

A

the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep.

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15
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus(SCN)

A

a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm. In response to light, the SCN causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying our feelings of sleepiness

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16
Q

Insomnia

A

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

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17
Q

Narcolepsy

A

a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.

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18
Q

Sleep apnea

A

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings.

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19
Q

Night terrors:

A

a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during NREM-3 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered

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20
Q

Dream

A

a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities and incongruities, and for the dreamer’s delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it.

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21
Q

Manifest content

A

according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream(as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content).

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22
Q

Latent content

A

according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream(as distinct from its manifest content)

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23
Q

REM rebound

A

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation(created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)

24
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods

25
Q

Substance use disorder

A

continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk

26
Q

Tolerance

A

the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect

27
Q

Addiction

A

compulsive craving of drugs or certain behaviors(such as gambling) despite known adverse consequences

28
Q

Withdrawal

A

the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing an addictive drug or behavior

29
Q

Depressants

A

drugs(such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

30
Q

Alcohol use disorder

A

(popularly known as alcoholism) alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal, and a drive to continue problematic use

31
Q

Barbiturates

A

drugs that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment(tranquilizers)

32
Q

Opiates

A

opium and derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety(heroin)

33
Q

Stimulant

A

drugs(such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, Ecstasy, and methamphetamine) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

34
Q

Amphetamine

A

drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded up body functions and associated energy and mood changes(cocaine, ecstasy, methamphetamine)

35
Q

Nicotine

A

a stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco
Cocaine: a powerful and addictive stimulant derived from the coca plant; produces temporarily increased alertness and euphoria

36
Q

Methamphetamine

A

a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels

37
Q

ecstasy(MDMA)

A

a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short term health risks and longer term harm to serotonin producing neurons and to mood and cognition(also known as molly)

38
Q

Hallucinogens

A

psychedelic(‘mind manifesting”) drugs, such as LSD that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

39
Q

LSD

A

a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid(lysergic acid diethylamide)

40
Q

THC

A

the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations

41
Q

The 4 stages of sleep

A

NREM1, NREM2, NREM3, REM sleep

42
Q

K COMPLEXES

A

a single sharp peak in electrical activity, followed immediately by a negative dip. Found in NREM2

43
Q

NREM1

A

Stage 1 NREM sleep is the first sleep stage you enter when nodding off. This sleep stage is when heartbeat, eye movements, brain waves, and breathing activity begin to taper down. Motor movements also diminish, although you may experience muscle twitches called hypnic jerks.

Alpha and beta waves

44
Q

NREM2

A

Stage 2 NREM sleep sees a continued slowing of heartbeat, breathing, muscle activity, and eye movements. During this stage, you also experience a reduction in body temperature. Throughout the course of the night, you spend about half the time in stage 2 sleep

includes sleep spindles and k-complexes

45
Q

sleep spindles

A

are short bursts of brain activity lasting 0.5 to three seconds. Occurring every three to six seconds during stage 2 sleep and occasionally during other stages

46
Q

NREM3

A

Your heartbeat, breathing, muscle activity, and brain waves are at their slowest during stage 3 sleep. This sleep stage is otherwise known as deep sleep, because experts believe it to be the most critical stage for regenerating your body and brain. Body releases growth hormone during this stage

Mostly delta waves(associated with deep sleep)

47
Q

Dream theories

A

Freud’s wish-fulfillment, information processing, psychological function, neural activation, cognitive development

48
Q

Freud’s wish fulfillment theory

A

According to Freud, the unconscious tries to resolve a problem or let you know of suppressed desires through dreams.
Dreams are attempts made by the unconscious to resolve a conflict, or “disguised fulfillments of repressed wishes.”
The theory believed that we dream to satisfy our own wishes.

49
Q

Information processing theory

A

Dreams help us sort out the day’s events and combine and organize our memories.
The self-organization theory of dreaming explains that dreaming is a side effect of brain neural activity as memories are consolidated during sleep.
While we dream, helpful memories get stronger, while less important ones fade.

50
Q

Psychological function dream theory

A

regular train simulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways

51
Q

neural activation dream theory

A

REM sleep triggers neural activity that evokes random visual memories which our sleeping brain weaves into stories

52
Q

cognitive development dream theory

A

dream content reflects dreamers’ level of cognitive development- their knowledge and understanding. Dreams simulate our lives, including worst-case scenarios

53
Q

caffeine

A

a stimulant type of drug, involves increased alertness and wakefulness but comes with anxiety, restlessness, and insomnia in high doses; uncomfortable withdrawal

54
Q

heroin

A

depressant type of drug, comes with rush of euphoria, relief from pain but comes with depressed physiology, and agonizing withdrawal

55
Q

alcohol

A

depressant drug, comes with initial high followed by relaxation and disinhibition

comes with depression memory loss organ damage and impaired reactions

chapter 3 consciousness (1 decks)

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