Chpt 8 Flashcards
What is Motivation
Factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms
Instincts
Inborn patterns that are biologically determined rather than leanred
Instinct approaches to motivation
An explanation of motivation that suggests people and animals are born programmed with sets of behaviors essential to survive
What is an example of instinct approaches to motivation?
Eating because you need food to survive
Another example of instinct approaches to motivation?
A dog shaking their body when their wet
Drive-reduction approaches to motivation
Theory suggesting that a lack of some basic biological need produces a drive to push an organism to satisfy that need
Give an example of drive-reduction approaches to motivation
Getting a sweater because you are too cold
Drive
Motivation, tension, or arousal that energizes behavior to fulfill a need
Homeostasis
The body’s tendency to maintain a steady internal state
Arousal approaches to motivation
Belief that people try to maintain steady level of stimulation and activity
Explain arousal approach to motivation
If stimulation and activity become too high, we try to lower it. Or, if we feel it is too low we try to raise it
Give an example of arousal approach to motivation
Being out with your friends, but feeling drained so you go and talk a walk by yourself
Incentive approach to motivation
Theory suggesting that motivation stems from the desire to attain external rewards known as incentives
Example of incentive approach to motivation
Doing well in school because of the rewards you receive
Another example of incentive approach to motivation
Eating because food tastes good not because you are hungry
“Push”
Internal drives proposed by drive-reduction
“Pull”
The external incentives of incentive theory
Describe push and pull
Push is what drives you to do something. A pull is more an incentive, you get something
Cognitive approaches to motivation
Theory suggesting that motivation is a result of people’s thoughts, beliefs, expectations and goals
Give an example of cognitive approaches to motivation
Memory. People remember their success and tend to try and achieve the same
Intrinsic motivation
Causes individuals to participate in an activity for their own enjoyment rather for any actual concrete reward
Example of intrinsic motivation
Reading for fun instead of reading because of school
Extrinsic motivation
Causes individuals to do something for money, a grade, or some actual concrete reward
Example of extrinsic motivation
Playing a sport not because you like it, but because of the trophy’s
Self-actualization
State of self fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential
What is glucose, insulin, and ghrelin
Glucose is a sugar that regulates feelings of hunger. Insulin leads body to store excess sugar. Ghrelin communicates feelings of hunger to the brain (like growling
What monitors glucose levels?
The Hypothalamus
Weight set point
Particular level of weight that body strives to maintain
What effects the weight set point?
Hypothalamus
Metabolism
The rate of which food is converted to energy and expanded by the body
What is a drive?
Something that gives you motivation to fulfill a need
Describe homeostasis
When the body tries to maintain a steady internal state. Like when you are overheating
What are some causes of obesity?
Higher weight set point, genetics, lighter level of leptin
Anorexia nervosa
A severe eating disorder in which people may refuse to eat while denying their behavior and appearance are unusual
Bulimia
Disorder in which a person binges on large quantities of food, followed by efforts to purge the food through vomiting or other means
What are some causes of anorexia and bulimia
Biological chemical imbalance in the hypothalamus, genetics( maybe parenting), society’s value of being thin
Androgens
Male hormones secreted by the tests
Estrogen
Class of female sex hormones produced by ovaries. Greatest production is during ovulation
Masturbation
Sexual self-stimulation
Heterosexuality
Sexual attraction and behavior directed to other sex
Homosexuals
Persons who are sexually attracted to members of their own sex
Bisexuals
People who are sexually attracted to those of the same gender as well as other genders
What could be some determinants of sexual orientations
Hormones, genetics(twin studies), differences in brain structure
What are some key symptoms of anorexia and bulimia
Anorexia is low body weight, malnutrition
Bulimia is binging and purging
Transgender
General term for persons whose gender identity, gender expression, or behavior is not consistent with that typically associated with the sex of which they were assigned at birth
Intersex person
People born with genitals that make their sexual identity ambiguous
Need for achievement
A persons desire to strive for and achieve challenging accomplishments
Growth mindset
The belief that individual characteristics such as intelligence, talent, and motivation can be developed through hard work
Fixed mindset
The erroneous belief that individual characteristics such as intelligence, talent, and motivation are set at birth and vary little through out the life span
Need for affiliation
An interest in establishing and maintaining relationships with other people
Need for power
Tendency to seek impact, control, or influence over others and to be seen as a powerful individual
Emotions
Feelings that generally have both physiological and cognitive elements and that influence behavior
Describe someone high in the need for achievement
Someone who is high in need fro achievement will most likely choose average leveled classes where they will not succeed easily, struggle
Describe someone high in need for affiliation
Someone high in need for affiliation will most likely be more social, and hang with their friends often
Describe someone high in need for power
Someone high in need for power will most likely
Contrast growth and fixed mindset
Growth mindset is someone believing they can achieve something working hard. A fixed mindset is someone believing they will not be able to achieve anything because that is how they are wired
Emotions
Feelings that generally have both physiological and cognitive elements and that influence behavior
What are the basic emotions?
Happiness, anger, fear, sadness, and disgust
James-Lange theory of emotion
Emotional experience is a reaction to bodily events occurring as a result of an external situation
Conan-Bard theory of emotion
Both physiological arousal and emotional experience are provided simultaneously by the same nerve stimulus
Schachter-Singer theory of emotion
Emotions are determined by a nonspecific kind of physiological arousal and its interpretation based on emotional cues
Compare and contrast the James-Lange theory, Canon-Bard theory, and Schachter-Singer theory
James-Lange: emotions happen because of bodily functions
Canon-Bard: emotion and physiological arousal happen at same time
Schachter-Singer: emotion based on what’s around us
