Chpt 5: Endocrinology and Nervous Regulation of Reproduction

Question 1

fundamental responsibility of the nervous system, translation of external stimuli into neural signals that bring about change in the reproductive organs and tissues

Answer 1

transduce

Question 2

simple neural reflex, neuroendocrine reflex

Answer 2

primary patways of nervous involvement

Question 3

sensory neurons, spinal cord, efferent nerves, target tissues

Answer 3

functional components of the simpl neural and neuroendocrine reflex

Question 4

take neural signals toward spinal cord

Answer 4

afferent neurons

Question 5

nerves leaving the spinal cord and traveling to the target tissue

Answer 5

efferent neurons

Question 6

organs that respond to a specific set of stimuli or hormone

Answer 6

target tissue

Question 7

basic difference between simple neural reflex and the neuroendocrine reflex

Answer 7

type of delivery system each uses

Question 8

employs nerves that release their neurotransmitters directly onto target tisssue

Answer 8

simple neural reflex

Question 9

requires that a neurohormone enter the blood and act on a remote target tissue

Answer 9

neuroendocrine reflex

Question 10

substance released by a neuron

Answer 10

neurohormone

Question 11

neurons releasing neurohormones

Answer 11

neurosecretory cells

Question 12

synapse with efferent neurons that tracel directly to the target tissue, in the spinal cord,

Answer 12

interneurons

Question 13

sublstance of small molecular weight that is released from the terminals of nerves that causes other nerves to fire or causes contraction of smooth muscle that surrounds portions of the reproductive tract

Answer 13

neurotransmitter

Question 14

example of a simple neural reflex in reproduction

Answer 14

ejaculation

Question 15

stimulus recognized by sensory neurons, signals transmitted to spinal cord where they synapse with efferent neurons that cause a series of muscular contractions

Answer 15

order of simple neural reflex

Question 16

stimulus recognized by sensory neurons, synapse with interneurosn in spinal cord,efferent neurons traveling from spinal cord synapse with other neurons in hypothalamus, hypothalamic neurons release small molecular weight materials from their terminals, released into blood, travel to tart tissue (ex: suckling reflex)

Answer 16

order of neuroendocrine reflex

Question 17

neural control center for reproductive hormones

Answer 17

hypothalamus

Question 18

clusters/groups of nerve cell bodies making up the hypothalamus

Answer 18

hypothalamic nuclei

Question 19

groups of hypothalamic nuclei that influence reproduction

Answer 19

surge and tonic center

Question 20

secreted b6 neurons in the surge or tonic center

Answer 20

gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

Question 21

secreted by neurons in the parabentricular nucleus

Answer 21

oxytocin

Question 22

allows minute quantities of releasing hormones to act on the anterior pituitary before they are diluted by the general circulation

Answer 22

hypothalamo-hypopyseal portal system

Question 23

where blood enters the capillary system, divides into small arterial capillaries at the level of the pituitarystalk, enables extremely small quantities of releasing hormones to be secreted into the capillary plexus (primary portal plexus) of the pituitary stalk

Answer 23

superior hypophyseal artery

Question 24

neurohormone is released into a simple arteriovenous capillary plexus

Answer 24

posterior pituitary lobe

Question 25

required by endocrine system to cause responses, substance produced by a glandthat acts on a remote target tissue to bring about a change in the targent tissue

Answer 25

hormone

Question 26

time required for one half of a hormone to disappear from the blood or from the body

Answer 26

half life

Question 27

stimulation of GnRH neurons, (inc.estradiol=inc. GnRH= LH surge= Ovulation)

Answer 27

positive feedback

Question 28

suppression of GnRH neurons, (inc. progesterone= decrease GnRH= dec. FSH & LH= incomplete follicular development)

Answer 28

negative feed back

Question 29

tonic center

Answer 29

most sensitive to negative feedback

Question 30

surge center

Answer 30

most sensitive to positive feedback

Question 31

possible "gatekeepers" for GnRH release, secreted by hypothalamic neurons in periventricular, preoptic, and arcuate nuclei, send dendritic arborizations into hypothalamic nuclei where GnRH cell bodies are abundant, important regulator of sexual differentiation of the brain, timing of puberty, and adult regulation of gonadotropin secretion.

Answer 31

kisspeptins

Question 32

act in minute quantities, have short half lives, bind to specific receptors, regulate intracellular biochemical reactions, originate from hypothalamus, pituitary, gonads, uterus, placenta

Answer 32

reproductive hormones

Question 33

source, mode of action, biochemical classification

Answer 33

hormone classifications

Question 34

produced by neurons in the hypothalamus, cause the release of other hormones from the anterior lobe of the pituitary, GnRH, neuropeptides)

Answer 34

hypothalamic hormones

Question 35

of hypothalamic origine, very small molecules usually less than twenty amino acids, synthesized and released from neurons in hypothalamus (GnRH is most important)

Answer 35

neuropeptides

Question 36

released into blood from anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary (anterior: FSH, LH, prolactin; stored in posterior: oxytocin)

Answer 36

pituitary hormones

Question 37

originate from goanads and affect funciton of the hypothalamus, anterior lobe, and tissues of the reproductive tract, initiate the development of secondary sex characteristics (ovary: estrogens, progesterone, inhibin, some testosterone, oxytocin, relaxin: testes:testosterone, other androgens, inhibin, estrogens)

Answer 37

gonadal hormones

Question 38

prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2-alpha)

Answer 38

uterine hormone

Question 39

progesterone, estrogens, equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Answer 39

placental hormones

Question 40

synthesized by neurons and are released directly into the blood so that they can cause a response in target tissues elsewhere in body, can act on any tissue that has correct receptors

Answer 40

neurohormones

Question 41

synthesized by neurons in the hypothalamus, cause release of other hormones from anterior lobe, (GnRH controls release fo FSH, LH from anterior pituitary)

Answer 41

releasing hormones

Question 42

hormones synthesized and secreted by specialized cells in the anterior lobe caalled gonadotropes, hormones have a stimulatory influence on the gonads (FSH, LH)

Answer 42

gonadotropin

Question 43

responsible for causing ovulation and stimulating the corpus luteum to secrete progesterone, causes testosterone secretion in males

Answer 43

luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 44

causes follicular growth in the ovary of the female, stimulates sertoli cells in male and is a key player in governing spermatogenesis

Answer 44

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 45

estrogens, progesterone, testosterone, secreted by gonads to stimulate reproductive tract, regulate function of hypothalamus and anterior lobe, regulate reproductive behavior, cause development of secondary sex characteristics

Answer 45

sexual promoters

Question 46

secreted by the early embryo, cause stimulation of the maternal ovary

Answer 46

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)/equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG)

Question 47

in high concentrations during pregnancy, responsible for maintaining pregnancy and sometime assisting lactation

Answer 47

pregnancy maintainance hormones

Question 48

promotes development of mammary gland, is lactogenic

Answer 48

placental lactogen

Question 49

promote metabolic well being (tyroxin, adrenal corticoids, growth hormone (somatotropin from anteior lobe)

Answer 49

general metabolic hormones

Question 50

cause destruction of corpus luteum (PCF2-alpha)

Answer 50

luteolytic hormones

Question 51

relatively small molecules with only a few amino acids joined by peptide bonds (GnRH)

Answer 51

peptides

Question 52

protein hormone, consits of a single polypeptide chain

Answer 52

prolactin

Question 53

two chain nonglycosylated polypeptide, soruce is Clof pregnancy, possibly snthesized by placenta

Answer 53

relaxin

Question 54

polypeptide hormones, synthesised by anterior lobe if hormones have the same alph subunit vut different beta subunits

Answer 54

glycoproteins

Question 55

glycoprotein, contains an alpha and one of two beta, suppresses FSH secretion from anterior lobe

Answer 55

inhibin

Question 56

protein from follicular fluid that consists of two betasubuints, causes release of FSH in pituitary cells in culture,

Answer 56

activin

Question 57

glycoprotein, originally isolated from ovarian follicular fluid, inhibited FSH secretion from pituitary cells in culture, binds to activin and limits widespread actions of activin

Answer 57

follistatin

Question 58

have a common molecular nucleus, systhesized from cholesterol, sexual promoters and cause profound changes in reproductive tracts

Answer 58

steroids

Question 59

first discobered in seminal plasma of mammalian semen, mostly secreted from seminal vesicles, lipids, control many things including ovulation, can be used as a tool for reproductive management, rapidly degrades in blood

Answer 59

prostaglandins

Question 60

cause remote effects, substances secreted to the outside of body, usually volatile, detected by olfactory system by members of the same species

Answer 60

pheromones

Question 61

composed of many cells that synthesize and secrete specific hormones which enter the blood and are transported to every cell in the body, only cells with correct receptors can respond

Answer 61

endocrine glands

Question 62

bind to plasma membrane receptors

Answer 62

protein hormones

Question 63

1. hormoone-receptor binding,2. Adenylate cyclase activation(enzyme that converts ATP to cAMP within cytoplasm), 3. Protein Kinase activation(activated by cAMP, class of control enzymes, activate enzymes that convert substrates into products), 4. Synthesis of New products

Answer 63

steps for protein hormones

Question 64

1. steroid binding to membrane receptors, 2. Adenylate Cyclase Activation, 3. Proeine Kinase Activation, 4. Changes in Ca++ channel permeability

Answer 64

steps for steroid hormones (membrane receptors=fast)

Question 65

1. Steroid transport (must bind to carrier protein), 2. Movement through Cell membrane and Cytoplasm (diffuses through membrane because they are lipid soluble), 3. Binding of Steroid to Nuclear Receptor(transcription then occurs), 4. mRNA Synthesis and Protein Synthesis

Answer 65

steps for steroid hormones (nuclear receptors)

Question 66

generally associated with hormones under nervous control, when nerves of the hypothalamus fire, neruopeptides are released in a sudden burst or pulse

Answer 66

episodic secretion

Question 67

hormone stays low but fluctuates with low amplitde pulses

Answer 67

basal secretion

Question 68

hormone remaines elevated but in a relativelysteady fashion for a long period (days to weeks, ex: steroids)

Answer 68

sustained secretion

Question 69

receptor density, hormone receptor affinity

Answer 69

incluences on hormone potency

Question 70

have similar molecular structure, bind to the specific receptor and initially cause the same biologic effect as native hormone

Answer 70

agonists

Question 71

have greater affinity for the hormone receptor but promote weaker biologicactivity then native hormone, prevent native hormone from binding

Answer 71

antagonists

Question 72

1.secretion, 2. enters blood and goes to target tissue, 3. steroid causes change in target tissue, 4. steroid in blood passes through liver, 5. liver renders steroid H2O soluble (glucuronides and sulfates), 6. Reenters blood and enters kidney or bile, 7. excreted in urine and/or feces as glucuronide or sulfate

Answer 72

Fate of Steroid after secretion

Question 73

decraded in liver and kidneys

Answer 73

fate of protein hormone after secretion

Question 74

revolutionized understanding of endocrine physiology, requires use of radioactive hormones (being replased by ELISA)

Answer 74

Radioimmunoassay (RIA)