Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANIMSCI3160 > Chpt 5: Endocrinology and Nervous Regulation of Reproduction > Flashcards

Chpt 5: Endocrinology and Nervous Regulation of Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

fundamental responsibility of the nervous system, translation of external stimuli into neural signals that bring about change in the reproductive organs and tissues

A

transduce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

simple neural reflex, neuroendocrine reflex

A

primary patways of nervous involvement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

sensory neurons, spinal cord, efferent nerves, target tissues

A

functional components of the simpl neural and neuroendocrine reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

take neural signals toward spinal cord

A

afferent neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

nerves leaving the spinal cord and traveling to the target tissue

A

efferent neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

organs that respond to a specific set of stimuli or hormone

A

target tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

basic difference between simple neural reflex and the neuroendocrine reflex

A

type of delivery system each uses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

employs nerves that release their neurotransmitters directly onto target tisssue

A

simple neural reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

requires that a neurohormone enter the blood and act on a remote target tissue

A

neuroendocrine reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

substance released by a neuron

A

neurohormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

neurons releasing neurohormones

A

neurosecretory cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

synapse with efferent neurons that tracel directly to the target tissue, in the spinal cord,

A

interneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

sublstance of small molecular weight that is released from the terminals of nerves that causes other nerves to fire or causes contraction of smooth muscle that surrounds portions of the reproductive tract

A

neurotransmitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

example of a simple neural reflex in reproduction

A

ejaculation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

stimulus recognized by sensory neurons, signals transmitted to spinal cord where they synapse with efferent neurons that cause a series of muscular contractions

A

order of simple neural reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

stimulus recognized by sensory neurons, synapse with interneurosn in spinal cord,efferent neurons traveling from spinal cord synapse with other neurons in hypothalamus, hypothalamic neurons release small molecular weight materials from their terminals, released into blood, travel to tart tissue (ex: suckling reflex)

A

order of neuroendocrine reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

neural control center for reproductive hormones

A

hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

clusters/groups of nerve cell bodies making up the hypothalamus

A

hypothalamic nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

groups of hypothalamic nuclei that influence reproduction

A

surge and tonic center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

secreted b6 neurons in the surge or tonic center

A

gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

secreted by neurons in the parabentricular nucleus

A

oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

allows minute quantities of releasing hormones to act on the anterior pituitary before they are diluted by the general circulation

A

hypothalamo-hypopyseal portal system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

where blood enters the capillary system, divides into small arterial capillaries at the level of the pituitarystalk, enables extremely small quantities of releasing hormones to be secreted into the capillary plexus (primary portal plexus) of the pituitary stalk

A

superior hypophyseal artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

neurohormone is released into a simple arteriovenous capillary plexus

A

posterior pituitary lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

required by endocrine system to cause responses, substance produced by a glandthat acts on a remote target tissue to bring about a change in the targent tissue

A

hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

time required for one half of a hormone to disappear from the blood or from the body

A

half life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

stimulation of GnRH neurons, (inc.estradiol=inc. GnRH= LH surge= Ovulation)

A

positive feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

suppression of GnRH neurons, (inc. progesterone= decrease GnRH= dec. FSH & LH= incomplete follicular development)

A

negative feed back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

tonic center

A

most sensitive to negative feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

surge center

A

most sensitive to positive feedback

31
Q

possible “gatekeepers” for GnRH release, secreted by hypothalamic neurons in periventricular, preoptic, and arcuate nuclei, send dendritic arborizations into hypothalamic nuclei where GnRH cell bodies are abundant, important regulator of sexual differentiation of the brain, timing of puberty, and adult regulation of gonadotropin secretion.

A

kisspeptins

32
Q

act in minute quantities, have short half lives, bind to specific receptors, regulate intracellular biochemical reactions, originate from hypothalamus, pituitary, gonads, uterus, placenta

A

reproductive hormones

33
Q

source, mode of action, biochemical classification

A

hormone classifications

34
Q

produced by neurons in the hypothalamus, cause the release of other hormones from the anterior lobe of the pituitary, GnRH, neuropeptides)

A

hypothalamic hormones

35
Q

of hypothalamic origine, very small molecules usually less than twenty amino acids, synthesized and released from neurons in hypothalamus (GnRH is most important)

A

neuropeptides

36
Q

released into blood from anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitary (anterior: FSH, LH, prolactin; stored in posterior: oxytocin)

A

pituitary hormones

37
Q

originate from goanads and affect funciton of the hypothalamus, anterior lobe, and tissues of the reproductive tract, initiate the development of secondary sex characteristics (ovary: estrogens, progesterone, inhibin, some testosterone, oxytocin, relaxin: testes:testosterone, other androgens, inhibin, estrogens)

A

gonadal hormones

38
Q

prostaglandin F2-alpha (PGF2-alpha)

A

uterine hormone

39
Q

progesterone, estrogens, equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

A

placental hormones

40
Q

synthesized by neurons and are released directly into the blood so that they can cause a response in target tissues elsewhere in body, can act on any tissue that has correct receptors

A

neurohormones

41
Q

synthesized by neurons in the hypothalamus, cause release of other hormones from anterior lobe, (GnRH controls release fo FSH, LH from anterior pituitary)

A

releasing hormones

42
Q

hormones synthesized and secreted by specialized cells in the anterior lobe caalled gonadotropes, hormones have a stimulatory influence on the gonads (FSH, LH)

A

gonadotropin

43
Q

responsible for causing ovulation and stimulating the corpus luteum to secrete progesterone, causes testosterone secretion in males

A

luteinizing hormone (LH)

44
Q

causes follicular growth in the ovary of the female, stimulates sertoli cells in male and is a key player in governing spermatogenesis

A

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

45
Q

estrogens, progesterone, testosterone, secreted by gonads to stimulate reproductive tract, regulate function of hypothalamus and anterior lobe, regulate reproductive behavior, cause development of secondary sex characteristics

A

sexual promoters

46
Q

secreted by the early embryo, cause stimulation of the maternal ovary

A

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)/equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG)

47
Q

in high concentrations during pregnancy, responsible for maintaining pregnancy and sometime assisting lactation

A

pregnancy maintainance hormones

48
Q

promotes development of mammary gland, is lactogenic

A

placental lactogen

49
Q

promote metabolic well being (tyroxin, adrenal corticoids, growth hormone (somatotropin from anteior lobe)

A

general metabolic hormones

50
Q

cause destruction of corpus luteum (PCF2-alpha)

A

luteolytic hormones

51
Q

relatively small molecules with only a few amino acids joined by peptide bonds (GnRH)

A

peptides

52
Q

protein hormone, consits of a single polypeptide chain

A

prolactin

53
Q

two chain nonglycosylated polypeptide, soruce is Clof pregnancy, possibly snthesized by placenta

A

relaxin

54
Q

polypeptide hormones, synthesised by anterior lobe if hormones have the same alph subunit vut different beta subunits

A

glycoproteins

55
Q

glycoprotein, contains an alpha and one of two beta, suppresses FSH secretion from anterior lobe

A

inhibin

56
Q

protein from follicular fluid that consists of two betasubuints, causes release of FSH in pituitary cells in culture,

A

activin

57
Q

glycoprotein, originally isolated from ovarian follicular fluid, inhibited FSH secretion from pituitary cells in culture, binds to activin and limits widespread actions of activin

A

follistatin

58
Q

have a common molecular nucleus, systhesized from cholesterol, sexual promoters and cause profound changes in reproductive tracts

A

steroids

59
Q

first discobered in seminal plasma of mammalian semen, mostly secreted from seminal vesicles, lipids, control many things including ovulation, can be used as a tool for reproductive management, rapidly degrades in blood

A

prostaglandins

60
Q

cause remote effects, substances secreted to the outside of body, usually volatile, detected by olfactory system by members of the same species

A

pheromones

61
Q

composed of many cells that synthesize and secrete specific hormones which enter the blood and are transported to every cell in the body, only cells with correct receptors can respond

A

endocrine glands

62
Q

bind to plasma membrane receptors

A

protein hormones

63
Q
  1. hormoone-receptor binding,2. Adenylate cyclase activation(enzyme that converts ATP to cAMP within cytoplasm), 3. Protein Kinase activation(activated by cAMP, class of control enzymes, activate enzymes that convert substrates into products), 4. Synthesis of New products
A

steps for protein hormones

64
Q
  1. steroid binding to membrane receptors, 2. Adenylate Cyclase Activation, 3. Proeine Kinase Activation, 4. Changes in Ca++ channel permeability
A

steps for steroid hormones (membrane receptors=fast)

65
Q
  1. Steroid transport (must bind to carrier protein), 2. Movement through Cell membrane and Cytoplasm (diffuses through membrane because they are lipid soluble), 3. Binding of Steroid to Nuclear Receptor(transcription then occurs), 4. mRNA Synthesis and Protein Synthesis
A

steps for steroid hormones (nuclear receptors)

66
Q

generally associated with hormones under nervous control, when nerves of the hypothalamus fire, neruopeptides are released in a sudden burst or pulse

A

episodic secretion

67
Q

hormone stays low but fluctuates with low amplitde pulses

A

basal secretion

68
Q

hormone remaines elevated but in a relativelysteady fashion for a long period (days to weeks, ex: steroids)

A

sustained secretion

69
Q

receptor density, hormone receptor affinity

A

incluences on hormone potency

70
Q

have similar molecular structure, bind to the specific receptor and initially cause the same biologic effect as native hormone

A

agonists

71
Q

have greater affinity for the hormone receptor but promote weaker biologicactivity then native hormone, prevent native hormone from binding

A

antagonists

72
Q

1.secretion, 2. enters blood and goes to target tissue, 3. steroid causes change in target tissue, 4. steroid in blood passes through liver, 5. liver renders steroid H2O soluble (glucuronides and sulfates), 6. Reenters blood and enters kidney or bile, 7. excreted in urine and/or feces as glucuronide or sulfate

A

Fate of Steroid after secretion

73
Q

decraded in liver and kidneys

A

fate of protein hormone after secretion

74
Q

revolutionized understanding of endocrine physiology, requires use of radioactive hormones (being replased by ELISA)

A

Radioimmunoassay (RIA)

ANIMSCI3160 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions