Chpt 3,4&5

Question 1

Progression of Measurement Steps

Answer 1

Conceptualization
Conceptual Definition
Operational Definition
Measurements in the Real World

Question 2

Exhaustive

Answer 2

you should be able to classify every observation in terms of one of the attributes composing the variable

Question 3

Mutually exclusive

Answer 3

you must be able to classify every observation in terms of one and only one attribute

Question 4

Nominal

Answer 4

offer names or labels for characteristics (e.g., race, gender, state of residence)

Question 5

Ordinal

Answer 5

attributes can be logically rank-ordered (e.g., education, opinions, occupational status)

Question 6

Interval

Answer 6

meaningful distance between attributes (e.g., temperature, IQ score from an intelligence test)

Question 7

Ratio

Answer 7

has a true zero point (e.g., age, number of priors, sentence length, income)

Question 8

Levels of Measurement

Answer 8

Interval
Ordinal
Ratio
Nominal

Question 9

spurious

Answer 9

not being what it purports to be; false or fake.
“separating authentic and spurious claims”
synonyms: bogus, fake, false, counterfeit, forged, fraudulent, sham, artificial, imitation, simulated, feigned, deceptive, misleading, specious; More

Question 10

According to your text, causation, units of analysis, and _______________ are key considerations in planning a research study.

Answer 10

Time

Question 11

Research that asks people to recall their pasts is called _______________ research.

Answer 11

Retrospective

Question 12

The two pillars of science are logic and _______________.

Answer 12

Observation

Question 13

Scientists assess the truth of statements about cause by considering threats to ________________.

Answer 13

Validity

Question 14

(n) _______________ is a structure that is intended to represent or model something about the world.

Answer 14

Theory

Question 15

Theories describe _______________ that might logically be expected among variables.

Answer 15

Relationships

Question 16

_______________ reasoning moves from the specific to the general, from a set of particular observations to the discovery of a pattern that represents some degree of order among the varied events under examination.

Answer 16

Inductive

Question 17

When someone tries to come to conclusions about an individual based on group-level data, the _______________ is being committed.

Answer 17

ecological fallacy

Question 18

Mental images that we represent with words or symbols are known as _______________.

Answer 18

Concepts

Question 19

_______________ is the process by which we specify precisely what we mean when we use a particular term.

Answer 19

Conceptualization

Question 20

Specifying the different _______________ of a concept often paves the way for a more sophisticated understanding of what we are studying.

Answer 20

Dimensions

Question 21

Variables whose attributes have only the characteristics of exhaustiveness and mutual exclusiveness are _______________ level measures.

Answer 21

Nominal

Question 22

_______________ is a matter of whether a particular measurement technique, applied repeatedly to the same object, will yield the same result each time.

Answer 22

Reliability

Question 23

_______________ validity refers to whether a measure accurately reflects the common agreements on concepts.

Answer 23

Face

Question 24

A definition that says exactly how a concept will be measured is a(n) _______________ definition.

Answer 24

Operational

Question 25

A(n) _______________ measure combines multiple indicators to yield a single measure.

Answer 25

composite

Question 26

In a classical experiment, the researcher uses a(n) _______________ to offset the effects of the experiment itself.

Answer 26

Control group

Question 27

A(n) _______________ experiment guards against experimenters’ tendency to prejudge results by eliminating the possibility of either the researcher or the subjects knowing which group is the control and which group is the experimental.

Answer 27

Double blind

Question 28

The goal of _______________ is to ensure that the experimental and groups will be statistically equivalent.

Answer 28

Randomization

Question 29

_______________ relates to whether results from experiments conducted in one setting would be obtained in other settings.

Answer 29

External validity

Question 30

When random assignment to experimental and control groups is not possible, the researcher may be forced to use a(n) _______________ design.

Answer 30

nonequivalent-group

Question 31

Instead of making one pre-test and one post-test measure, the _______________ makes a longer series of observations before and after introducing an experimental treatment.

Answer 31

interrupted time-series design

Question 32

In _______________ research, a large number of variables that are associated with a small number of cases or subjects are studied

Answer 32

variable-oriented

Question 33

A(n) _______________ is a type of variable-oriented research.

Answer 33

Case study

Question 34

Increasing experimental control will result in decreased _______________ validity.

Answer 34

Internal