Chpt 3,4&5 Flashcards
Progression of Measurement Steps
Conceptualization
Conceptual Definition
Operational Definition
Measurements in the Real World
Exhaustive
you should be able to classify every observation in terms of one of the attributes composing the variable
Mutually exclusive
you must be able to classify every observation in terms of one and only one attribute
Nominal
offer names or labels for characteristics (e.g., race, gender, state of residence)
Ordinal
attributes can be logically rank-ordered (e.g., education, opinions, occupational status)
Interval
meaningful distance between attributes (e.g., temperature, IQ score from an intelligence test)
Ratio
has a true zero point (e.g., age, number of priors, sentence length, income)
Levels of Measurement
Interval
Ordinal
Ratio
Nominal
spurious
not being what it purports to be; false or fake.
“separating authentic and spurious claims”
synonyms: bogus, fake, false, counterfeit, forged, fraudulent, sham, artificial, imitation, simulated, feigned, deceptive, misleading, specious; More
According to your text, causation, units of analysis, and _______________ are key considerations in planning a research study.
Time
Research that asks people to recall their pasts is called _______________ research.
Retrospective
The two pillars of science are logic and _______________.
Observation
Scientists assess the truth of statements about cause by considering threats to ________________.
Validity
(n) _______________ is a structure that is intended to represent or model something about the world.
Theory
Theories describe _______________ that might logically be expected among variables.
Relationships
_______________ reasoning moves from the specific to the general, from a set of particular observations to the discovery of a pattern that represents some degree of order among the varied events under examination.
Inductive
When someone tries to come to conclusions about an individual based on group-level data, the _______________ is being committed.
ecological fallacy
Mental images that we represent with words or symbols are known as _______________.
Concepts
_______________ is the process by which we specify precisely what we mean when we use a particular term.
Conceptualization
Specifying the different _______________ of a concept often paves the way for a more sophisticated understanding of what we are studying.
Dimensions
Variables whose attributes have only the characteristics of exhaustiveness and mutual exclusiveness are _______________ level measures.
Nominal
_______________ is a matter of whether a particular measurement technique, applied repeatedly to the same object, will yield the same result each time.
Reliability
_______________ validity refers to whether a measure accurately reflects the common agreements on concepts.
Face
A definition that says exactly how a concept will be measured is a(n) _______________ definition.
Operational
A(n) _______________ measure combines multiple indicators to yield a single measure.
composite
In a classical experiment, the researcher uses a(n) _______________ to offset the effects of the experiment itself.
Control group
A(n) _______________ experiment guards against experimenters’ tendency to prejudge results by eliminating the possibility of either the researcher or the subjects knowing which group is the control and which group is the experimental.
Double blind
The goal of _______________ is to ensure that the experimental and groups will be statistically equivalent.
Randomization
_______________ relates to whether results from experiments conducted in one setting would be obtained in other settings.
External validity
When random assignment to experimental and control groups is not possible, the researcher may be forced to use a(n) _______________ design.
nonequivalent-group
Instead of making one pre-test and one post-test measure, the _______________ makes a longer series of observations before and after introducing an experimental treatment.
interrupted time-series design
In _______________ research, a large number of variables that are associated with a small number of cases or subjects are studied
variable-oriented
A(n) _______________ is a type of variable-oriented research.
Case study
Increasing experimental control will result in decreased _______________ validity.
Internal
