Chpt 2 Flashcards
how to sex determined
by 23rd pair of chromosomes with y sperm
Epigenetics
study of how environmenttal fators affect genes and genetic expression- enchancin, halting, shaping, or altering expression of genes
monozygotic (MZ) twins
twins who originate from one zygote that splits apart very early in development (identical twins), multiple births
3 main periods of prenatal development are what and how long are they?
germinal period: first 2 weeks,
embryonic period: 3-8 weeks
fetal period: 8 wks to birth
fetus vs embryo
fetus: name developing human organism from start of 9th week after conception until birth
embryo: name developing human organism from 3rd week through 8 week after conception
age of viability
about 22 weeks at which fetus might survive outside mother’s uterus if specialized medical care is available.
miscarriage can occur due to what
chromosomal abnormality
zygote
chromosomal and genetic problems
not exactly 46 chromosomes
if an entire chromosome is added, that leads to a recognizable syndrome, cluster of distinct characteristics that tend to occur together
sometimes zygote doesn’t implant if more or fewer than 46 chromosomes
teratogen
agent or condition, including viruses, drugs, and chemicals, that can impair prenatal development and result in birth defects or even death
alcohol, drugs, and smoking
difference between low birthweight (LBW), very low birthweight(VLBW), and extremely low birthweight(ELBW)
LBW: weight at birth is less than 2500 grams, 5.5 pounds
VLBW: weight at birth less than 1500 Grams, 3 pounds 5 oz
ELBW: weight at birth less than 1000 g or 2 lb and 3 oz
preterm
preterm: birth occurs 2 or more weeks before full 38 weeks of typical pregnancy
what is ideal for a “success birth”, weight, term and apgar
infant born full term, 7 pounds, apgar least 8
apgar scale
quick assessment of new born’s health, 0-10, usually babies are 7-9
pros vs cons of giving birth in hospital and c-section
at hospital you can get drug to dull pain, speed interaction and can save life
fast past, not familiar to you
c- section if needs
what happens, during last months of pregnancy but also during birth with parents
mother and father often emotionally connected to baby and each other
what can happen to mothers after birth
postpartum depression
what is postpartum depression
feeling unhappy, incompetent, or unwell after giving birth, most vulnerable time if when baby is several weeks old
couvade
symptoms of pregnancy and birth experiences by father
kangaroo care
form of newborn care where mothers rest baby on their naked chest
