Chpt 16-17 Test Flashcards
The most significant challenge posed by early modern astronomers was that if the “heliocentric” universe, as argued by:
Nicholas Copernicus
The scientific revolution demonstrated that the workings of the universe could be explained by
Natural causes
The scientist who asserted that mathematical laws governed the universe was
Isaac Newton
In spite of opposition to new ideas, the church did embrace some findings, including:
The Gregorian calendar based on the new astronomy, as issued by the pope
Bourgeoisie means
Wealthy urban class
Like merchants in the Islamic world, European merchants relied on
Family and ethnic networks
One of the painters who exemplified the Renaissance was
Bruegel
What new crops helped the rural poor of Europe avoid starvation?
Potatoes and corn
Unlike other parts of the world, marriage patterns in early modern Europe reflected
A freer choice of ones marriage partner instead of a arranged marriage
In 1555, by peace of Augsburg, holy roman emperor allowed German princes to choose
Catholicism or Lutheranism
The edict of Nantes was revoked in 1685 by Louis XIV, eliminating
Religious freedom for French Protestants
How was the treaty of Versailles palace a sort of “theme park” of royal absolutism?
The gigantic palace symbolized the French monarch’s triumph over the rights of the nobility
How did European rulers pay their large war expenses?
By making alliances with the rising commercial elites and protecting markets overseas
Why did the peoples of the new world lack immunity to the diseases of the Europeans?
Their long isolation from other continents
Didn’t enclose livestock
From where did the worst strain of malaria originate?
African slave trade
One of the major reasons for the growth of the world population after 1700 was
The spread of more high calorie per acre staple crops from the new world
By the end of the sixteenth century, what country occupied most of the Brazilian coast?
Portugal
The highest ranking Spanish officials in the colonies were
Viceroys
The most important agent for transmitting European beliefs, language, and culture in Spanish America and Brazil was the
Catholic Church
How were the European languages and cultures primarily transmitted to indigenous populations?
Conversion efforts by the Catholic Church
How were Martin luther’s beliefs different from the catholic church’s?
- the only way to salvation was through Faith in Jesus
* indulgence is wrong
What is the Calvinist core belief?
Predestination. God knew who was going to heaven and hell before they were born
Council of Trent was
Council that met at Trent to distinguish what was wrong with the Catholic Church based on Protestant accusations
Phillip II used what to force Catholicism on people
Inquisition. Critics and suspected Protestants were accused of heresy and sometimes punished by death.
Henry VIII left Catholic Church because
He couldn’t get his marriage annulled by the church
Richest institution of Spanish colonies was
Silver mines (maybe sugar plantations)
Which Native American group hated the french
The Iroquois confederacy
Tupac Amaru II was
Member of inca aristocracy who led rebellion against Spanish authorities in Peru
Protestant reformatiom
- religious reform movement within the Latin Christian church
- 1500-1750
- resulted in the catholic reformation
Catholic reformation
- religious movement within Latin Christian church
- 1500-1750
- began in response to the Protestant reformation
Enlightenment
- Philosophical movement in Europe
- 1500-1750
- fostered belief that one could reform society by governing social behavior
Columbish exchange
- exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between Americas and rest of world
- 1530-1770
- followed Columbus’s voyages
Encomienda
- Grant of authority over Americans in Spanish colonies
- 1530-1770
- provided grant holder with cheap labor
House of burgesses
- Elected assembly in colonial Virginia
- 1530-1770
- start to modern american government
Iroquois confederacy
- alliance of five Amerindian peoples
- 1530-1770
- enemies to the French colonies
Scientific revolution
- intellectual movement in Europe
- 1500-1750
- laid groundwork for modern science
Plantations grew…
Tobacco, indigo, rice
