Chpt. 14 Flashcards
Does marijuana fit easily into a drug classification? Why/why not?
No, because it has a mix of effects associated with multiple drug classes.
Its unique psychoactive properties make it challenging to classify.
What are the unique pharmacokinetic properties of delta-9-THC?
Delta-9-THC is rapidly absorbed into the lungs when smoked, leading to a quick rise in blood plasma levels. It’s highly lipophilic, so it accumulates in fat stores, causing prolonged effects.
What is the mechanism of action of delta-9-THC?
Delta-9-THC binds to cannabinoid (CB) receptors, CB1 in the brain and CB2 in the immune system.
THC’s interaction with CB1 receptors leads to psychoactive effects.
What type of receptor are cannabinoid receptors
G-protein-coupled receptors (metabotropic) that inhibit neurotransmitter release.
Where are the cannabinoid receptors found in the brain?
CB1 = basal ganglia and cerebellum, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex.
Low levels are found in the brainstem, which explains why THC doesn’t cause respiratory depression.
How does their brain distribution with cannabinoids relate to the behavioral effects of delta-9-THC?
This distribution aligns with THC’s effects on movement, memory, cognition, and emotions.
How are endocannabinoids involved in retrograde signaling in the brain?
Endocannabinoids are produced on demand and travel backward from postsynaptic neurons to presynaptic terminals.
By binding to CB1 receptors on the presynaptic terminal, they inhibit the release of neurotransmitters.
What are the acute physiological effects of delta-9-THC?
Acute physiological effects include bronchodilation, increased heart rate, bloodshot eyes, and hunger (“munchies”).
What are the acute behavioral effects of delta-9-THC?
Behavioral effects occur in stages:
Stimulation (“buzz”): Lightheadedness.
“High”: Euphoria, laughter, and relaxation.
“Stoned”: Tranquility, altered perception of time, and sensory enhancement.
“Come-down”: Decreasing effects.
- THC can impair memory, coordination, reaction time, and executive function, and may cause paranoia or anxiety in high doses.
Is chronic marijuana use associated with tolerance?
Yes, chronic marijuana use can lead to tolerance due to downregulation of CB1 receptors.
Is chronic marijuana use associated with psychological dependence?
Psychological dependence can occur, with cravings and difficulty quitting.
Is chronic marijuana use associated with physical dependence?
Physical dependence is less common but can involve withdrawal symptoms such as irritability, anxiety, and appetite loss.
Why do adaptive responses occur with chronic use of cannabis?
Adaptive responses, occur due to the body’s attempt to maintain homeostasis.
What behavioral and health effects are associated with chronic use of cannabis?
Chronic use is linked to cognitive impairments, amotivational syndrome, and a risk of cannabis use disorder.
It can negatively impact academic performance and motivation, increase the risk of anxiety and psychotic disorders, and cause respiratory and cardiovascular issues.
How do the effects of delta-9-THC compare with cannabidiol (CBD)
Delta-9-THC: Primary psychoactive component causing euphoria, relaxation, and cognitive effects.
CBD (Cannabidiol): Non-psychoactive, modulates CB receptors indirectly, and has therapeutic benefits (e.g., anti-inflammatory, anti-seizure, pain relief).
While delta-9-THC binds directly to CB1 receptors, CBD acts as a negative allosteric modulator, counteracting some effects of THC and promoting relaxation without a “high.”
How do the effects of delta-9-THC compare with delta-8-THC?
Delta-8-THC: Similar to delta-9-THC but less potent and psychoactive.
