Chpt. 11: Airway Management Flashcards
Acidosis
A pathological condition that results from the accumulation of acids in the body
Can be caused by hypoventilation (CO2 retention)
Rapid, shallow breathing
Aerobic metabolism
Metabolism that can only proceed in the presence of oxygen
Agonal gasps
Occasional gasps that are ineffective attempts at breathing, occuring after the heart has stopped
Should not be considered breathing
Airway
The upper airway tract or the passage above the larynx (nose, mouth, and throat) and the lower airway (trachea and lungs)
Alkalosis
The buildup of excess base (lack of acids) in the body
Rapid, deep breathing
Hyperventilation
Anaerobic metabolism
The metabolism that takes place in the absence / lack of oxygen
Lactic acid and stiff muscles
Anoxia
The absense of oxygen
Stroke causes hypoperfusion in the brain
Apnea
Absence of breathing; periods of not breathing
Aspiration
The introduction of vomit or other foreign materials into the lungs
Asymmetric chest wall movement
Unequal movement of the two sides of the chest; indicating decreased airflow into one lung
“flail chest” = broken ribs, usually 2 or more in more than one place
Atelectasis
A condition of airless or collapsed alveoli that causes pulmonary shunting, ventilation/perfusion mismatch, hypoxemia
Bag-valve mask
A device with a face mask attached to a ventilation bag containing a reservoir and connected to oxygen; delivers more than 90% oxygen
Bilateral
A body part or condition that appears on both sides of the midline
Bradypnea
Slow respiratory rate
<12 breaths per minute in adults
Bronchioles
Small airways made of smooth muscle that lead to the alveoli
Capnometry / End-tidal carbon dioxide (EtO2)
The measurment of exhaled carbon dioxide (35-45 mmHg)
Carina
Point at which the trachea divides into the left and right mainstem bronchi
Cellular respiration
A biochemical process resulting in the production of energy in the form of ATP
Occurs after internal respiration has allowed oxygen to leave the blood and goes to the tissue
Chemoreceptors
Receptors the monitor chemicals in the blood
Tracks rising levels of CO2 and determine when to take a breath
Colormetric carbon dioxide detector
A device that attaches between the endotracheal tube or supraglottic airway to determine the presence of exhaled CO2
Barney = bad (no CO2 exchange)
Big Bird= good (CO2 exchange)
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
A method of ventilation used primarily in the treatment of critically ill patients with respiratory distress (bronchoconstriction, atelectasis, pulmonary edema)
Pressure on inhalation and exhalation to allow for full lung expansion
Dead space
The amount of inhaled air that does not reach the alveoli (150 ml)
Dyspnea
Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
Exhalation
The inactive part of breathing where the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, forcing air out of the lungs
External respiration
The exchange of gases between the lungs and blood cells in the pulmonary capillaries
Gag reflex
A normal reflex mechanism that causes retching; activated by touching the soft palate or the back of the throat
Prohibits the use of an OPA or supraglottic airway
Glottic opening
The narrowest part of the adult airway; the space between the vocal cords
Head tilt-chin lift maneuver
A combo of 2 movements to open the airway by tilting the forehead back and lifting the chin
Used for non-trauma patients
Hemothorax
Accumlulation of blood in the pleural space
Hering-Breuer reflex
The mechanism that terminates inhalation and prevents overexpansion of the lungs
Hypercapnia
Increased carbon dioxide levels in the bloodstream
Hyperventilation
Rapid/deep breathing that results in excess respiration
Hypovolemic shock
A condition in which low blood volume, due to massive internal or external bleeding or extensive loss of body water, results in hypoperfusion
Hypoxemia
A deficiency of oxygen in arterial blood