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Arborist Exam > Chpt. 1 Tree Biology > Flashcards

Chpt. 1 Tree Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Specialized zones where new cells arise from existing cells

A

meristems

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2
Q

Following cell division, the process that plant cells use to change their structure and assume a variety of different functions

A

differentiation

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3
Q

Plant cells with similar structure and function are arranged into _____, like bark or wood.

A

tissues

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4
Q

Plant tissues are organized into organs. There are 5 organs. Name them.

A

Leaves, stems, roots, flowers & fruit

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5
Q

What are the two basic types of meristems?

A

Primary & secondary

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6
Q

What type of growth occurs from primary (apical) meristems?

A

(Primary growth) Elongation of shoots and roots

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7
Q

What type of growth occurs from secondary (lateral) meristems?

A

Increase in diameter, produces wood, palms lack this

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8
Q

What structures protect the apical meristem in the shoots? The roots?

A

Buds protect shoots; root caps protect roots

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9
Q

What are the two secondary (lateral) meristems produced by plants?

A

Cambium & cork cambium

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10
Q

Cambium is a thin sheath of dividing cells that produces the ________ system of the plant.

A

Vascular

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11
Q

The cambium produces two types of tissues: ________ on the inside, and ________ on the outside.

A

Xylem (inside); phloem (outside)

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12
Q

The cork cambium produces _______.

A

Bark = periderm

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13
Q

Plant cells have cell walls, animal cells do not. T or F?

A

True

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14
Q

Name two components of plant cell walls that provide support to the cell.

A

Cellulose (most common organic compound on earth) & lignin (rigidity to help trees grow tall)

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15
Q

The xylem (wood) in a tree has 4 functions. Name them.

A
  1. conduction of water & minerals;
  2. support weight of tree;
  3. store carbs;
  4. defend against spread of disease/decay
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16
Q

Xylem is composed of living cells called _______ & dead cells called ________ (they compose most of the volume of a mature tree).

A

Symplasm (alive); apoplasm (dead)

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17
Q

The xylem of soft woods & hard woods both contain three types of cells. Name them.
Hardwoods also have an additional group of cells called ________.

A
  1. tracheids (dead cells that conduct water & provide support)
  2. fibers (provide strength)
  3. parenchyma cells (living cells that store carbs, defend against disease/decay, cut across the grain, more abundant in hardwoods)
    Hardwoods also have VESSELS (dead hollow cells that conduct water)
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18
Q

Hardwood trees that form wide vessels early in the growing season and narrower vessels later in the season are called _______.

A

Ring porous (elm, oak, ash trees)

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19
Q

Hardwood trees that form uniform vessels throughout the growing season are called ________.

A

Diffuse porous (maple, planetree, poplar)

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20
Q

Conifers (soft woods) do not have vessels in their xylem and are called _______ for this reason.

A

Nonporous

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21
Q

Growth rings in a tree are the result of ________ produced during a growing season.

A

Xylem

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22
Q

As a grow season progresses, the xylem cells in a tree _______ in size.

A

Decrease, earlywood will have larger cells than latewood.

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23
Q

Xylem that conducts water and has parenchyma cells is called _______.

A

Sapwood

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24
Q

Dead xylem cells inside the tree that do not conduct water are called ________.

A

Heartwood

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25
Q

Phloem tissue in the cambium moves __________ in the tree.

A

Carbohydrates (produced in the leaves)

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26
Q

Phloem is composed of live cells.
In conifers, that are called ________.
In hardwoods, there are _________ & __________.

A

Sieve cells (conifers); Sieve tube elements & companion cells (hardwoods)

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27
Q

Old xylem becomes the “wood” of a tree. What happens to old phloem?

A

It is reabsorbed and the cell walls are incorporated into the bark.

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28
Q

Plants transport water and nutrients longitudinally (axial transport, up and down) through xylem & phloem. How does it transport nutrients radially (across the plant)?

A

RAYS are parenchyma cells that run across the grain from the phloem to the sapwood. They transport nutrients, store carbs, & restrict decay.

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29
Q

The waxy, corky bark of a tree helps it moderate temperature, prevent injury and reduce water evaporation. How does gas exchange occur in the bark?

A

LENTICELS are small openings in the bark that allow for gas exchange.

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30
Q

Buds located at the end of a stem or branch are called _______ buds, and are usually the most active and dominant on the stem/branch.

A

Apical/terminal buds

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31
Q

Buds located along a stem or branch are called _________, and are usually dormant.

A

Lateral/axillary buds

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32
Q

Buds that are produced in areas where meristems are not normally found.

A

Adventitious buds

33
Q

The enlarged area on a stem/branch where leaves or buds arise is called the ________.

A

Node

34
Q

What is the area between nodes on a stem called?

A

Internode

35
Q

Branches of a tree are strongly attached to the trunk (bark/wood) __________ the branch, and weakly attached to the trunk _________ the branch.

A

Beneath (strongly); above (weakly)

36
Q

The bulge around the base of the stem/branch is called the ________ __________.

A

Branch collar

37
Q

Between the branch and trunk in the crotch is formed a _______ ________ _________ because the branch and trunk are expanding against each other.

A

Branch bark ridge

38
Q

Leaves produce food (carbs) for trees via cells called ____________ that contain a green pigment called ____________.

A

Chloroplasts; chlorophyll

39
Q

Sunlight in chloroplasts is converted to chemical energy (carbs) through what reaction?

A

Photosynthesis

40
Q

The loss of water through the leaves that helps to cool the plant and pull water up through the xylem is referred to as what?

A

Transpiration

41
Q

What is the name for the waxy outer coating on a leaf that prevents desiccation?

A

Cuticle

42
Q

Small openings on a leaf that regulate water loss and gas exchange are called _________.

A

Stomata

43
Q

These cells act to open or close the stomata on a leaf.

A

Guard cells

44
Q

Deciduous trees shed their leaves how often?

A

Periodically, typically every year

45
Q

What is the name for trees that do not shed their leaves periodically?

A

Evergreen

46
Q

Deciduous trees form this at the leaf stalk (petiole) to allow leaf drop and protect the area where the leave will drop from disease or desiccation.

A

Abscission zone

47
Q

Fall foliage color change is the result of what?

A

Accumulation of carbs, reduction of chlorophyll, allows other pigments to be visible.

48
Q

Red and purple pigments in leaves are called __________. Yellow, orange and red pigments are called ____________.

A

Anthocyanins; carotenoids

49
Q

What are the four primary functions of a plant’s roots?

A
  1. anchorage
  2. storage
  3. absorption
  4. conduction
50
Q

Larger roots tend to provide anchorage, storage and conduction. Smaller roots that aid in absorption are called ________.

A

Absorbing roots

51
Q

Roots grow where there are _______ & _______; usually the top _______” in the soil.

A

moisture, oxygen, 12”

52
Q

Sinker roots grown off the main lateral (horizontal) roots in which direction?

A

Downward, vertically (increase anchorage and nutrient/moisture uptake)

53
Q

True or false: Tap roots are commonly found in mature trees.

A

False: It is usually choked out by other roots as tree matures

54
Q

What is the name of the area where the roots meet the trunk of a tree?

A

Root crown

55
Q

True or False: The radius of the roots of a tree grown in the open can extend to 2-3 times the radius of the tree crown.

A

True; roots will grow where oxygen, moisture and space are available

56
Q

What is the name for the symbiotic (mutually helpful) relationship that fungi and roots have?

A

Mycorrhizae (fungus covered roots); fungus gets food from the roots, roots get water & minerals from the fungus

57
Q

What is the name for the carbs produced through photosynthesis?

A

Photosynthate (many of this is stored by the plant as starch)

58
Q

What is the name of the process both plants and animals use to convert food to energy?

A

Respiration

59
Q

Carbon dioxide is required for photosynthesis. What gas is required for respiration?

A

Oxygen

60
Q

Transpiration is the natural loss of water vapor in a plant. Why would someone apply an anti-transpirant spray to a plant?

A

Reduce water loss due to drought or transplant by blocking stomal pores; drawbacks are they reduce cooling of leaves, uptake of CO2, and photosynthesis

61
Q

The process of water moving into and out of roots from the soil is called __________.

A

Osmosis (waters moves from higher concentration to lower concentration; salt water “draws” fresh water out of plant roots)

62
Q

What is a gymnosperm? What is an angiosperm?

A

Gymnosperm (naked seed, conifers); angiosperm (seed in ovary; monocotyledons/grasses & dicotyledons/woody trees & shrubs, etc.)

63
Q

Phloem moves carbs from the source to the sink. What does this mean?

A

It moves carbs from where they are manufactured (source) to where they are needed (sink).

64
Q

Axial transport moves water and nutrients in which direction? What about radial transport?

A

Axial =longitudinal (up and down)

Radial = horizontal (across)

65
Q

What are plant growth regulators/ plant hormones?

A

Compounds that act in small quantities to regulate plant growth and development.

66
Q

Auxin is a growth regulator. Where in the plant is it produced? What does auxin affect?

A

Produced in shoot tips. Affects root development (used in products for cuttings, or herbicides) & tropisms (direction of growth)

67
Q

What is geotropism? Phototropism?

A

Direction of growth in response to gravity (geo) or light (photo)

68
Q

Cytokinin is a growth regulator. Where in the plant is it produced? What does it affect?

A

Produced in roots. Affects shoot initiation & growth.

69
Q

When new lateral shoots outgrow the original terminal shoot year after year, what shape tree is the result?

A

Round-headed, DECURRENT

70
Q

Trees with strong apical dominance have a strong central leader (trunk that runs up height/center of tree). This type of growth is called what?

A

EXCURRENT, conifers

71
Q

What is the name of the process trees use to limit the spread of decay or discoloration?

A

Compartmentalization

72
Q

What is CODIT? What are the 4 walls created as part of CODIT?

A

Compartmentalization Of Decay In Trees:
Wall 1 - resists vertical spread; blocks xylem
Wall 2 - resists inward spread; chemicals in latewood
Wall 3 - inhibits lateral spread; activates ray cells
Wall 4 - inhibits outward spread; growth of new wood tissue

73
Q

Many tropical trees have buttress roots. What do they do?

A

Roots at truck base that help support tree and distribute mechanical stress

74
Q

Some tropical trees produce roots from stems and branches above ground (aerial roots). Why?

A

To aid in support, gas exchange & propagation (creating new clone plants from the parent plant)

75
Q

Palms are ________, so they have more in common with grasses than hardwood trees.

A

monocots

76
Q

Instead of a cambium layer or growth rings, palms have ______ ______ of phloem and xylem bundled together.

A

Vascular bundles (xylem and phloem surrounded by fibrous tissue)

77
Q

Because palms have no cambium layer, there is no secondary growth results in girth. Also, how does this affect any damage to the stem of the palm?

A

Wounds on stems cannot be healed.

78
Q

What is an inflorescence?

A

A flower

79
Q

Roots of a palm are generally adventitious, and develop from an area of the palm called the _______. Most roots are close to the stem and soil surface (top 12-18”), this is called a ________ _________.

A

Root initiation zone; root mat

Arborist Exam (2 decks)

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