Chpt 1 intro to Human Body

Question 1

define anatomy

Answer 1

study of structure and organization of the body and study of relationships of body parts to another
2 subdivisions: gross anat and microanat

Question 2

define physiology

Answer 2

study of function of the body and its part

involves observation and experimentation, and usually requires use of specialized equipment and materials

Question 3

what are the levels of structural organization in the body from simplest to most complex

Answer 3

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organismal (body as a whole)

Question 4

what does the chemical level consist of

Answer 4

atoms, molecules and macromolecules

Question 5

define cells and their purpose

Answer 5

basic strutural and functional units of body b/c all the process of life occurs w/in cells

lowest level of organization that is alive

Question 6

what does tissue level consist of

Answer 6

aggregation of similar cells that perform similar functions

similar types of cells are grouped together in body to form tissue

Question 7

what is the organ level consist of

Answer 7

each organ of the body is composed of 2 or more tissues that work together, enabling organ to perform specific functions

Question 8

what is organ system level consist of

Answer 8

organs of body are arranged in functional groups so their independent functions are coordinated to perform specific system functions

most organs being to 1 organ system but a couple are assigned to more than 1

Question 9

what is organismal level

Answer 9

highest organizational level, human organism as a whole. Composed of all interacting organ systems

Question 10

what is anterior direction and whats another word for it

Answer 10

ventral
towards front or abdominal surface of body
moving abdomen forward

ex. abdomen is anterior to back

Question 11

what is posterior direction and whats another word for it

Answer 11

dorsal
toward back of the body
moving from abdomen backwards

ex. spine is posterior to face

Question 12

what is superior diretion and whats another word for it

Answer 12

cephalic
towards the top/head
moving up toward head

ex. nose is superior to mouth

Question 13

what is inferior direction and whats another word for it

Answer 13

caudal
away from top/head
moving down

ex. navel is inferior to nipples

Question 14

what direction is medial

Answer 14

towards midline of body
moving towards middle of body

ex. breastbone if medial to nipples

Question 15

what direction is lateral

Answer 15

away from midline of body
moving away from middle of body

ex. ears are lateral to the cheeks

Question 16

what direction is superficial and whats another word for it

Answer 16

external
towards or on the body surface

ex. skin is superficial to the muscle

Question 17

what direction is proximal

Answer 17

closer to the beginning
moving closer to inward

ex. elbow is proximal to the wrist

Question 18

what direction is distal

Answer 18

farther from beginning
moving away from starting point

ex. hand is distal to wrist

Question 19

what direction is central

Answer 19

at or near center of body or organ

ex. central nervous system is in the middle of the body

Question 20

what direction is peripheral

Answer 20

external to or away from center of the body or organ

ex. peripheral nervous system extends away from central nervous system

Question 21

what is axial and appendicular portion of body

Answer 21

axial portion: head, neck and trunk
appendicular portion is supper and lower libs and their girdles

Question 22

1.4 bodiy region

Question 23

what is a transverse or horizontal plane divide

Answer 23

divide body into superior and inferior portion and perpendicular to longitudinal axis of body

cut through horizontally so legs and top of body are divided

Question 24

what is sagittal plane divide

Answer 24

body into R and L portion and parallel to longitudinal axis of body

Question 25

what direction median plane

Answer 25

passes through midline of body and divides body into equal left and right halves

cut down exact middle of body

Question 26

what direction is frontal (coronal) plane

Answer 26

divide body into anterior and posterior portion, perpendicular to sagittal planes and parallel to longitudinal axis of body

cut body through shoulder, so front and back are separated

Question 27

what organs are located in thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

Answer 27

thoracic: heart, lung

abdominal cavity: stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, and kidneys

Question 28

meninges membranes line what cavities (2)

Answer 28

cranial and vertebral

outer membrane attached to wall of cavity and inner membrane tightly envelops brain and spinal cord

Question 29

the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity organs are supported and protected by what

Answer 29

serous membranes or serosae

Question 30

what is serous membranes

Answer 30

thin layers of tissue that line body cavity and cover internal organs

Question 31

what is the outer and inner layers of serous called and what function

Answer 31

outer parietal layer lines cavity
inner visceral layer covers organ
both layers secrete watery lubricating fluids into cavity formed between layers

Question 32

what is pleurae

Answer 32

serous membranes lining thoracic cavity

Question 33

parietal pleurae and visceral pleurae

Answer 33

walls of L and R portion of thoracic cavity are parietal pleurae
surface of lungs are covered by visceral pleurae

Question 34

pleural cavity

Answer 34

space between parietal and visceral pleurae

Question 35

pleural fluid

Answer 35

pleural cavity contains thin film of serous fluid, reduces friction as pleurae rub against each other as the lungs expand and contact during breathing

Question 36

serous pericardium

Answer 36

heart is enveloped by serous pericardium which is formed by membranes of mediastinum

Question 37

pericardial cavity

Answer 37

space between visceral and parietal layers of serous pericardia
contains serous fluid which reduces friction as the heart contracts and relaxes

Question 38

what is peritoneum

Answer 38

walls of abdominal cavity and surfaces of abdominal organs are covered in it

Question 39

parietal peritoneum lines what but not what

Answer 39

lines walla of abdominal cavity but not pelvic cavity
covers top of urinary bladder

Question 40

how many quadrants and regions is the abdominopelvic cavity is subdivided into

Answer 40

4 quadrants and 9 regions

Question 41

what is metabolism

Answer 41

sum of all the chemical reactions that occur in the body

Question 42

differences between anabolism and catabolism

Answer 42

anabolism: use energy and nutrients to build complex organic molecules that compose the body

catabolism: processes that release energy and break down complex molecules into simpler molecules

Question 43

what 5 basic needs are essential to human life

Answer 43

food
water
oxygen
body temp
atmospheric pressure

Question 44

what is homeostasis

Answer 44

maintenance of relatively stable internal environment by self-regulating physiological processes.

Question 45

how does homeostasis work

Answer 45

set point: healthy value, where body needs to be ex. body temp.
if body goes out of set point it is neg. feedback and uses mechanisms to keep variables w/in healthy range

receptor detects deviation from set point, sending signal to integrating center which knows the set point and processes info from receptor and determines what to do get get back to set point and sends it through effector

Question 46

what is positive feedback mechanisms

Answer 46

utilize same basi comp. as neg. feedback mech.
used when originating stimulus needs to be amplified and cont. for desired result to occur