Chpt 1 Evolution of Psychology Flashcards
Psyche
spirit/soul
human mind
soul
spiritual/immortal elements in a person
a person’s mental/moral/emotional nature
who established the first psych lab and where?
wilhelm wundt in 1879 at the U of Leipzig in Germany
prior to what year did psychology not exist as an independent field of study? or what year was the first psych lab developed?
1879
who made campaigned to make psychology an independent study?
Wilhelm Wundt
before psychology was established, who studied the questions about the mind?
physiology and philosophy scholars
who established the first psych research lab in the US?
G Stanley Hall
what happened between 1883-1893?
24 new psych labs in the US, largest growth
What is structuralism and who fought for it?
analyze consciousness into basic elements (similar to how physicists study how matter is made up of basic particles) Edward Titchener
What is introspection?
a process by which a person makes careful, systematic self-observations of ones own conciliatory experience
What is functionalism and who fought for it?
investigate function or purpose of consciousness rather than its structure
William James
what does unconscious mean?
outside awareness
Who founded the psychoanalytic school of thought?
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Austria
What does the psychoanalytic school of thought study?
unconscious processes influencing behavior
See slide 7 on Chapter 1
freud’s ideas & controversy
Who founded Behaviorism?
John B Watson
definition of psychology
science that studies behavior & the physiological & cognitive processes that underlie it. it’s the profession that applied the accumulated knowledge of this science to practical problems
behavior definition
overt or observable responses or activities
what is the study of behaviorism?
a science approach to psychology that focuses on environmental influences on behavior
nature vs nurture
an argument by John Watson on whether innate biology or life experience influences our behavior
Stimulus-Response Relationships
a change in environment is the stimulus & the reaction of the organism is the response
behaviorism tries to understand through analysis of S-R psychology
what type of psychology insists that environmental stimuli causes most behaviors?
S-R psychology or Stimulus and Response Psychology
Watson
BF Skinner focused on what behavior?
observable behavior
said that responses that lead to positive outcomes are repeated & responses that lead to negative outcome aren’t repeated
BF Skinner’s study
study with animals that proved animals repeated tasks with good reward but did not repeat tasks with bad or no reward
said that people’s behavior is governed by environmental stimuli and not by themselves. said free will is an illusion.
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers studied what?
Humanism
what is humanism?
focuses on the unique qualities of humans, especially free will and potential for personal growth
what is cognition?
mental process involved in acquiring knowledge
Piaget, Chomsky, and Simon did what?
paved a new path in psychology by using scientific methods for studying cognitive processes.
cognitive psychology is said to be what?
the dominant perspective in psychology
biological perspective?
behavior explained in terms of physiological process
studies interrelations among mind, body, & behavior
James Olds did what?
demonstrated that animals could be made to experience emotions such as pleasure and anger though brain stimulation
Roger Sperry did what?
demonstrated that the left and right halves of the brain have specialized functions and handle different tasks
what is ethnocentrism?
viewing one’s own group as superior and as the standard of judging
what happened in the 1980s?
increased interest in how cultural factor influence behaviors & the studying of previously underrepresented groups (nonwhites & women)
evolutionary psychology
natural selection occurs for behavioral characteristics as well as physical
What did Buss, Daly, Wilson, Cosmides, & Tooby do in the 80s and 90s?
led the new evolutionary psychology movement & gave life to the first new theoretical perspective in psychology.
they studied the natural selection of mating preferences, jealousy, aggression, sexual behavior, language, decision making, personally, and development
Slide 17 on Chapter 1
See Chart for 6 theoretical perspectives in psychology
what are the 7 major research areas in psychology?
developmental, social, experimental, physiological, cognitive, personality, & psychometrics
what are the 4 major applied areas of specialization in psychology?
clinical, counseling, educational, industrial
Seven Organizing Themes of Psychology
See Slide 24 on Chapter 1