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Molecular 3rd year > Chpt 1: Cells and genomes > Flashcards

Chpt 1: Cells and genomes Flashcards

1
Q

what distinguishes life from other processes, such as the growth of a crystal

A

heredity

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2
Q

are most living organisms single or multi cellular

A

single

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3
Q

a living organism must consume what to exist

A

free energy

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4
Q

all cells store their hereditary information in what form

A

DNA molecules

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5
Q

what provides compelling evidence that all living things have a universal common ancestral cell

A

all living cells store their information in the same form or that the hereditary information carried by one type of cell should be readable by the information-handling machinery of another

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6
Q

describe the overall structure of DNA

A
  • DNA is long, unbranched, paired polymer chains
  • polymer chains are composed of 4 types of monomers
  • monomers are chem compounds called nucelotides A,T,G,C
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7
Q

what is a genome

A

the totality of hereditary info embodied in the linear sequence of nucleotides in somethings DNA

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8
Q

all cells replicate their hereditary info how

A

by templated polymerization

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9
Q

describe the structure of a nucleotide

A
  • deoxyribose sugar
  • phosphate group
  • base (ATGC)
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10
Q

how many bonds between G C

A

3

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11
Q

how many bonds between A T

A

2

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12
Q

what kind of bonds are between 2 nucleotides (forming the chain)

A

sugar-phosphate linkages

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13
Q

what gives a DNA molecule directionality/ polarity

A

cause the sugar-phosphate is asymmetric

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14
Q

what differs in regards to DNA replication in diff cells

A
  • diff rates of DNA replication
  • diff controls to start/ stop it
  • diff auxiliary molecules to help the process along
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15
Q

what sugar is in RNA

A

ribose

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16
Q

how many AA are there

A

20

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17
Q

what makes up proteins

A

AA

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18
Q

do all cells do translation the same way

A

yeah

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19
Q

a codon codes for what

A

a single AA

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20
Q

the genetic code is read out by what

A

tRNA

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21
Q

what is a gene

A

the segment of DNA sequence corresponding either to a single protein or to a single RNA molecule

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22
Q

what are the three major domains of life

A
  • eukaryotes
  • bacteria
  • archaea
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23
Q

what helps us to determine the evolutionary distance between 2 organisms

A
  • the number of differences between their DNA sequences
  • we look at their rRNA sequences
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24
Q

bacteria and archaea are both what kind of living organism

A

prokaryotes

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25
Q

what are the most diverse group of organism on the planet

A

bacteria

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26
Q

describe the structure of bacteria

A
  • spherical or rod-shaped
  • only a few micrometers
  • have a cell wall and cytoplasm with all the proteins they need
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27
Q

which is the most poorly understood domain of life

A

archaea

28
Q

what are phototrophic organisms

A

feeding on sunlight

29
Q

what are lithotrophic organisms

A

feeding on rock

30
Q

what are organotrophic organisms

A

feeding on other living things ot the organic chemicals they produce

31
Q

DNA, RNA and protein are composed of which elements

A
  • hydrogen
  • nitrogen
  • carbon
  • oxygen
  • sulfur
  • phosphorus
32
Q

how do organisms evolve

A

through a process of mutation and natural selection

33
Q

essential genes (needed for survival) are ________-

A

highly conserved

34
Q

what is an intragenic mutation

A

an existing gene can be randomly modified by changes in its DNA sequence, through various types of errors that occur in the process of DNA replication and DNA repair

35
Q

what is gene duplication

A

an existing gene can be accidentally duplicated, creating a pair of initially identical genes within a single cell; these two genes may then diverge in the course of evolution

36
Q

what is DNA segment shuffling

A

two or more existing genes can break and rejoin to make a hybrid gene consisting of DNA segments that originally belonged to separate genes.

37
Q

what is horizontal/ intercellular DNA transfer

A

a piece of DNA can be transferred from the genome of one cell to that of another—including between species. This process contrasts with the usual vertical transfer of genetic information from parent to progeny

38
Q

what are gene families

A

a set of several similar genes, formed by duplication of a single original gene, and generally with similar biochemical functions

39
Q

what are orthologs

A

genes in two separate species that derive from the same ancestral gene in the last common ancestor of those two species

40
Q

what are paralogs

A

Related genes that have resulted from a gene duplication event within a single genome—and are likely to have diverged in their function

41
Q

what are homologs

A

Genes that are related by descent as either orthologs or paralogs

42
Q

why are family relationships among genes important

A
  • evolutionary interest
  • they simplify the task of deciphering gene functions
43
Q

what is this

A

paralog

44
Q

what is this

A

orthologs

45
Q

what information processing and metabolism. aspects are common to all 3 domains of the living world (think of the green chart)

A
  • translation
  • AA transport and metabolism
46
Q

compare prokaryotes and eukaryotes: nucleus

A
  • prokaryotes no *does have nucleoid region)
  • eukaryotes yes
47
Q

compare prokaryotes and eukaryotes: transcription location

A
  • prokaryotes cytoplasm
  • eukaryotes nucleus
48
Q

compare prokaryotes and eukaryotes: translation location

A
  • prokaryotes cytoplasm
  • eukaryotes cytoplasm
49
Q

compare prokaryotes and eukaryotes: cell membrane additions

A
  • prokaryotes hopanoids
  • eukaryotes sterols (cholersterol)
50
Q

compare prokaryotes and eukaryotes: size

A
  • prokaryotes smaller
  • eukaryotes larger
51
Q

compare prokaryotes and eukaryotes: ratio of surface area to volume

A
  • prokaryotes higher
  • eukaryotes lower
52
Q

compare prokaryotes and eukaryotes: internal organization

A
  • prokaryotes none
  • eukaryotes has them
53
Q

where do eukaryotes store their DNA

A
  • in the nucelus
  • small amounts inside the organelles that evolved from captured bacteria
54
Q

do mitochondria have small or large genomes

A

small

55
Q

which domains of life have the largest genomes

A

eukaryotes

56
Q

why can we use model orgaisms

A

because all cells appear to have descended from a common ancestor, whose fundamental properties have been conserved throughout evolution

57
Q

the analysis of gene functions depends on which approaches

A
  • biochemistry (directly examines the functions of purified molecules)
  • genetics (focuses on mutants)
58
Q

why is ecoli used as a model organism

A
  • can be grown in a culture bottle or dish
  • can reproduce every 20 mins ish
  • evolves at a remarkable speed
59
Q

why is yeast used as a model organism

A
  • small genome size (easier to look at )
  • single cellular
  • easy to work with (replicates easy and can be stored in a freezer to be used later)
  • easily cultured
  • used to study eukaryotic processes like cell division
60
Q

why is arabidopsis used as a model organism

A
  • Small weed that can be grown indoors in large numbers
  • Produces 1000s of offspring per plant after 8-10 weeks
  • Close evolutionary relationship between flowering plants
  • very huge genome
61
Q

why is c. elegans used as a model organism

A
  • 1st multicellular organism to have entire genome sequence determined
  • very small
  • can be frozen indefinitely
  • develops with clockwork precision (exactly 959 body cells)
62
Q

why are drosophila used as a model organism

A
  • Very similar to other vertebrates
  • Short breeding time, and cheap and easy
  • Typically feel ethical
63
Q

what is the predominant mammalian model organism

A

mouse

64
Q

why are frogs used as a model organism

A

eggs are big, easy to manipulate, and fertilized outside the animal

65
Q

why are zebrafish (d. rerio) used as a model organism

A
  • genome is compact
  • generation time of only about 3 months
  • many mutants are available
  • genetic manipulation is simple
  • Transparent embryos that develop outside the mother
  • Can observe cells moving and changing throughout development
66
Q

briefly describe hox genes and drosophila

A

the antp gene grows legs where the antennas should be

67
Q
A

Molecular 3rd year (9 decks)

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