chpater 2.3 energy transformations Flashcards
Cells require inputs of suitable forms of energy, including light energy or chemical energy in complex molecules - Distinguish between autotrophs and heterotrophs. Energy transformations occur within cells. The sun is the main source of energy for life. Recognise that photosynthesis is important in the conversion of light energy into chemical energy Recognise that energy is required to break chemical bonds and energy is released when new bonds are formed. Describe the formation of ATP from
Why do we need energy?
All cells require inpuits of suitable forms of energy (for movement, synthesis, active transport to divide, protein synthesis etc), that energy is stored in the form of ATP
What are autotrophs?
Autotrophs are organisms which produce their own energy from sunlight. This occurs through proccesses such as Photosynthesis or Chemosynthesis.
e.g. plants, algae, plankton and bacteria
What are heterotrophs?
Heterotrophs consume autotrophs or other heterotrophs to gain energy. can only use energy in the form of ATP, therefore must consume autotrophs to receive their energy)
e.g. predators, decomposers, parasites
What is ATP
ATP (adenosine tri-phopshate) is a type of nucleotide having the base adenine, 1 ribose sugar and 3(tri) phosphates. The 3rd phosphate is connected by an unstable bond, which can be broken and convetred into ADP (though which energy is released, allowing cells to carry out importnat functions.)**ATP is essenitally a energy storage compound in cells **.
What is the ATP/ADP cycle?
- ATP is produces in the mitocndoria
- When the cell needs energy, ATP is broken down into ADP (adnesonsine di-phopshate) and an inorganic phosphate (Pi). This breakdown releases energy that the cell can use.
- After ATP is used and converted into ADP, the cell needs to regenerate ATP to keep functioning
- ADP is coverted back into ATP by adding a phosphate group, this regenration occurs through cellular rpeisration.
What is photosynthesis?
The process where autotrophs transform light energy into chemical energy. During photosynthesis in green plants, light energy is captured and used to convert water, carbon dioxide, and minerals into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds.
What is the worded and chemical equation for photosynthesis?
Worded:
carbon dioixe + water >(light and chlorophyll> glucose +oxygen
Equation:
6C0(little2) + 6H(little 2)O >(light and chlorophyll)> C(little 6)H(little 12)O(little 6) + 6O(little 2)
What factors impact photosynthesis?
factors can inlcude:
- light energy
- carbon dioixde (COlittle 2) concentration
- temperature
- colour of light
What is aerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration with oxygen
Occurs in the mitochondria (in both autotrophs and heterotrophs) we use the glucose we have made e.g. (tree using sunlight, or heterotroph eating something) in the presence of oxygen to create carbon dioxide water +ATP
What is the worded and chemical equation for aerobic respiration?
Worded:
Glucose+oxygen >Carbon dioxide + water +ATP
Chemical:
C(little 6)H(little 12)O(little 6) + 6O(little 2) > 6CO(little2) +6H(little 2)O
What is anaerobic respiration?
**Anaerboic respiration without oxygen: **
Anaerobic respiration is for organisms without enough oxygen or underwater
Plants and animals undergo different types of anaerobic respiration:
- Plants (as well as yeast and bacteria) use ethanol fermentation
- Animals use lactic acid fermentation
Ethanol fermentation worded and chemical equation
Worded:
glucose > ethanol + carbon dioxide
Chemical:
C(little6)H(little12)O(little6) > 2C(little2)H(little5)OH +2CO(little2)
ask ms if you add the ATP
Lactic acid fermentation worded and chemical equation
Worded:
glucose > lactid acid
Chemical:
C(little6)H(little 12)O(little6) > 2C(little3)H(little6)O(little 3)
ask ms if you add the ATP
Compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Characteristics
oxygen: aerobic requires oxygen, anaerobic does not require oxygen.
cells that use it: aerobic occurs in most cells while anaerobic occurs in bacteria, yeast, some prokaryotes, red blood cell and muscle cells.
amount of energy released: aerobic releases high energy (36 ATP molecules) while anaerobic releases lower energy (2 ATP molecules).
reactants: aerboic respiration (glucose and oxygen) anaerboic respiration (glucose).
products:
- aerobic respiration (carbon dioxide, water,ATP)
- anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast cells (ethanol, ATP, carbon dioxide)
- anaerobic respiration in animal cells (lactic acid and ATP)
site of reaction: aerobic respiration (cytoplasm and mitochondria) anaerobic respiration (cytoplasm)
