Chp 8 (finals) Flashcards
Define self-concept
The children’s identity or their set of beliefs of what they are like as individuals.
Define psychosocial development
psychosocial development encompasses changes in both themselves and other’s behaviour
define individualistic orientation
emphasizes personal identity and uniqueness of the individual
define autonomy vs shame and doubt stage
18 months to 3 yrs
children either become more independent or autonomous if their parents encourage or they feel shame and guilt if restricted & overprotected
define initiative vs guilt stage
3 yrs to 6 yrs
kids view of themselves changes as they face conflict b/w the desire to act independently & do things on their own and on the other hand the guilt that comes from failure when they don’t succeed
define collectivistic orientation
Asian ppl
promote notion of interdependence
define race dissonancce
phenomenon in which minority kids indicate preferences for mwjority values
define corpus callosum
bundle of nerves that connects hemispheres of the brain
define phallic stage
focus of the child’s pleasure relating to sexuality
define identification
process where children
define identification
process where children attempt to be similar to their same sex parents incorporating the parent’s attitudes
define gender identity
perception of oneself as male or female
define gender schema
a cpgnitive framework that organises info on basis of gender
define cognitive developmental theory
given by LAURENCE KOHLBERG
rigidity is in part a preschooler’s understanding of gender
define gender constancy
awareness that ppl are permanently male or female depending on unchangeable biological factors
define androgynous
a state in which gender roles encompasses characteristics thought typical of both sexes
define functional play
simple repetitive activities typical of 3 yr olds
eg: dolls, cars, skipping
define constructive play
children manipulate objects to produce or build smth - age 4
eg, lego, puzzles
define constructive play
children manipulate objects to produce or build smth - age 4
eg, lego, puzzles
who gave social aspects of play?
Mildred Parton (1932)
define parallel play
kids play with similar toys in similar manner but don’t interact with each other
early preschool years
define onlooker play
kids watch others play but don’t participate themselves
define associative play
2 or more kids interact with one another by borrowing or sharing toys or materials, even thought they don’t do the same thing
define associative play
2 or more kids interact with one another by borrowing or sharing toys or materials, even thought they don’t do the same thing
define co-op play
kids genuinely play with one another, take turns, devise contests
who identified and who updated parenting?
Identified by Diana Baumrind
Updated by Eleanor Maccoby
define authoritarian parenting
controlling, punitive, righid & cold
word is law
define authoritative parenting
firm, setting clear & consistent limits
try to reason, give explainations
define permissive parenting
provide lax & inconsistent feedback
require lil of their kids
define uninvolved parenting
virtually no interest in kids
indifferent rejecting behaviour
define filial piety
an attitude of respect for parents & ancestors in societies influenced bu confucian thought
define cycle of violence hypothesis
the abuse and neglect that children suffer predisposes them as adults to abuse and neglect their own children
(widom, 2002)
define psychological maltreatment
occurs when a parent or other caregiver harms the child’s physical, emotional, behavioural, cognitive functioning
define resilience
the ability to overcome circumstances that place a child at high level of psychological/ physical damage, such as extremes of poverty, prenatal stress, homes racked with violence, or other forms of social disorder
define moral development
refers to changes in people’s sense of what is right and wrong and in their behaviour related to moral issues
define heteronormous morality
earliest stage
rules are seen as invariant and unchangeable
lasts from about age 4 to age 7
define incipient co-op stage
age 7 to age 10
games become more clearly social
define autonomous co-op stage
begins at age 10
kids become fully aware that game rules can be changed as long ppl who play agree
define immanent justice
notion that rules that are broken earn immediate punishment
define prosocial behaviour
helping behaviour that benefits others
define abstract modelling
rather than always modellling the particular behaviour of others, older preschoolers begin to develop generalised principles that underlie the behaviour of others
define empathy
understanding of what other indivudal feels
empathy lies in heart of moral behaviour
define aggression
intentional injury or harm to another person
define emotional self- regulation
capability to adjust emotions to a desired state & lvl of intensity
define instrumental aggression
define relational aggression
describe major developmental challenges that preschool age children face (5)
xplain how preschool age children develop a concept of themselves (5)
xplain how children develop a sense of racial identity and gender (5 /10)
4 key approaches to gender development (imp)
the development of frienships / describe the sorts of social relationship that preschool age children engage in (5)
xplain how and why preschool age children play (10)
categorizing play (5)
social aspects of play (5)
summarize how thinking changes in preschool years and emergence of theory of mind (5/10)
emergence of theory of mind (5)
preshoolers fam lives / describe ways in which family relations affect preschool age children (5)
286
biological perspectives on gender
pg 276
psychoanalytic perspectives to gender
pg 277
social learning approaches to gender
278
cognitive approaches to gender
279
effective parenting / describe the kinds of disciplinary styles parents employ with preschool age shildren & what effects the have
287
cultural differences in childrearing practices (5)
289
emotional abuse & girl child neglect (5)
291
reasons for physical abuse (5)
291, 292
cycle of violence hypothesis (5)
292
psychological maltreatment (5)
293
resilience / define reslilience, & describe how it can help abused children (5)
294
piaget’s view of moral dev and evaluating piaget’s view of moral dev (10)
296,297
social learning approaches to morality (5)
298
genetic approaches to morality (5)
299
empathy & moral behaviour (5)
300
describe how agression develops in preschool children (5)
300
the roots of aggression (5)
301
social learning approaches to aggression (5)
302
viewing violence on tv: does it matter (5)
303
cognitive approaches to aggression (5)
304
