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Developmental Psychology > Chp 8 (finals) > Flashcards

Chp 8 (finals) Flashcards

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1
Q

Define self-concept

A

The children’s identity or their set of beliefs of what they are like as individuals.

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2
Q

Define psychosocial development

A

psychosocial development encompasses changes in both themselves and other’s behaviour

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3
Q

define individualistic orientation

A

emphasizes personal identity and uniqueness of the individual

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4
Q

define autonomy vs shame and doubt stage

A

18 months to 3 yrs
children either become more independent or autonomous if their parents encourage or they feel shame and guilt if restricted & overprotected

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5
Q

define initiative vs guilt stage

A

3 yrs to 6 yrs
kids view of themselves changes as they face conflict b/w the desire to act independently & do things on their own and on the other hand the guilt that comes from failure when they don’t succeed

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6
Q

define collectivistic orientation

A

Asian ppl
promote notion of interdependence

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7
Q

define race dissonancce

A

phenomenon in which minority kids indicate preferences for mwjority values

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8
Q

define corpus callosum

A

bundle of nerves that connects hemispheres of the brain

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9
Q

define phallic stage

A

focus of the child’s pleasure relating to sexuality

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10
Q

define identification

A

process where children

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11
Q

define identification

A

process where children attempt to be similar to their same sex parents incorporating the parent’s attitudes

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12
Q

define gender identity

A

perception of oneself as male or female

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13
Q

define gender schema

A

a cpgnitive framework that organises info on basis of gender

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14
Q

define cognitive developmental theory

A

given by LAURENCE KOHLBERG
rigidity is in part a preschooler’s understanding of gender

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15
Q

define gender constancy

A

awareness that ppl are permanently male or female depending on unchangeable biological factors

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16
Q

define androgynous

A

a state in which gender roles encompasses characteristics thought typical of both sexes

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17
Q

define functional play

A

simple repetitive activities typical of 3 yr olds
eg: dolls, cars, skipping

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18
Q

define constructive play

A

children manipulate objects to produce or build smth - age 4
eg, lego, puzzles

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19
Q

define constructive play

A

children manipulate objects to produce or build smth - age 4
eg, lego, puzzles

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20
Q

who gave social aspects of play?

A

Mildred Parton (1932)

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21
Q

define parallel play

A

kids play with similar toys in similar manner but don’t interact with each other
early preschool years

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22
Q

define onlooker play

A

kids watch others play but don’t participate themselves

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23
Q

define associative play

A

2 or more kids interact with one another by borrowing or sharing toys or materials, even thought they don’t do the same thing

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24
Q

define associative play

A

2 or more kids interact with one another by borrowing or sharing toys or materials, even thought they don’t do the same thing

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25
Q

define co-op play

A

kids genuinely play with one another, take turns, devise contests

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26
Q

who identified and who updated parenting?

A

Identified by Diana Baumrind
Updated by Eleanor Maccoby

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27
Q

define authoritarian parenting

A

controlling, punitive, righid & cold
word is law

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28
Q

define authoritative parenting

A

firm, setting clear & consistent limits
try to reason, give explainations

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29
Q

define permissive parenting

A

provide lax & inconsistent feedback
require lil of their kids

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30
Q

define uninvolved parenting

A

virtually no interest in kids
indifferent rejecting behaviour

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31
Q

define filial piety

A

an attitude of respect for parents & ancestors in societies influenced bu confucian thought

32
Q

define cycle of violence hypothesis

A

the abuse and neglect that children suffer predisposes them as adults to abuse and neglect their own children
(widom, 2002)

33
Q

define psychological maltreatment

A

occurs when a parent or other caregiver harms the child’s physical, emotional, behavioural, cognitive functioning

34
Q

define resilience

A

the ability to overcome circumstances that place a child at high level of psychological/ physical damage, such as extremes of poverty, prenatal stress, homes racked with violence, or other forms of social disorder

35
Q

define moral development

A

refers to changes in people’s sense of what is right and wrong and in their behaviour related to moral issues

36
Q

define heteronormous morality

A

earliest stage
rules are seen as invariant and unchangeable
lasts from about age 4 to age 7

37
Q

define incipient co-op stage

A

age 7 to age 10
games become more clearly social

38
Q

define autonomous co-op stage

A

begins at age 10
kids become fully aware that game rules can be changed as long ppl who play agree

39
Q

define immanent justice

A

notion that rules that are broken earn immediate punishment

40
Q

define prosocial behaviour

A

helping behaviour that benefits others

41
Q

define abstract modelling

A

rather than always modellling the particular behaviour of others, older preschoolers begin to develop generalised principles that underlie the behaviour of others

42
Q

define empathy

A

understanding of what other indivudal feels
empathy lies in heart of moral behaviour

43
Q

define aggression

A

intentional injury or harm to another person

44
Q

define emotional self- regulation

A

capability to adjust emotions to a desired state & lvl of intensity

45
Q

define instrumental aggression

A
46
Q

define relational aggression

A
47
Q

describe major developmental challenges that preschool age children face (5)

A
48
Q

xplain how preschool age children develop a concept of themselves (5)

A
49
Q

xplain how children develop a sense of racial identity and gender (5 /10)

A
50
Q

4 key approaches to gender development (imp)

A
51
Q

the development of frienships / describe the sorts of social relationship that preschool age children engage in (5)

A
52
Q

xplain how and why preschool age children play (10)

A
53
Q

categorizing play (5)

A
54
Q

social aspects of play (5)

A
55
Q

summarize how thinking changes in preschool years and emergence of theory of mind (5/10)

A
56
Q

emergence of theory of mind (5)

A
57
Q

preshoolers fam lives / describe ways in which family relations affect preschool age children (5)

A

286

58
Q

biological perspectives on gender

A

pg 276

59
Q

psychoanalytic perspectives to gender

A

pg 277

60
Q

social learning approaches to gender

A

278

61
Q

cognitive approaches to gender

A

279

62
Q

effective parenting / describe the kinds of disciplinary styles parents employ with preschool age shildren & what effects the have

A

287

63
Q

cultural differences in childrearing practices (5)

A

289

64
Q

emotional abuse & girl child neglect (5)

A

291

65
Q

reasons for physical abuse (5)

A

291, 292

66
Q

cycle of violence hypothesis (5)

A

292

67
Q

psychological maltreatment (5)

A

293

68
Q

resilience / define reslilience, & describe how it can help abused children (5)

A

294

69
Q

piaget’s view of moral dev and evaluating piaget’s view of moral dev (10)

A

296,297

70
Q

social learning approaches to morality (5)

A

298

71
Q

genetic approaches to morality (5)

A

299

72
Q

empathy & moral behaviour (5)

A

300

73
Q

describe how agression develops in preschool children (5)

A

300

74
Q

the roots of aggression (5)

A

301

75
Q

social learning approaches to aggression (5)

A

302

76
Q

viewing violence on tv: does it matter (5)

A

303

77
Q

cognitive approaches to aggression (5)

A

304

Developmental Psychology (4 decks)

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