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Anatomy Chp 8 and 9 > Chp 8 > Flashcards

Chp 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Neuron

A

Conducting cell of the nervous system

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2
Q

Action potential

A

Rapid depolarization and repolarization of the plasma membrane capable of spreading down the neuron or muscle membrane; nerve impulse

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3
Q

Afferent

A

Carrying toward a given point, such as a sensory neuron that carries nerve impulses toward the central nervous system

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4
Q

Axon

A

Fiber of a neuron that conducts impulses away from the cell body

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5
Q

Central Canal

A

Channel in the center of an osteon of compact bone; channel in the center of the spinal cord that contain CSF

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6
Q

Dendrites

A

Neuron fiber that conducts impulses toward the cell body

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7
Q

Depolarization

A

Reduction of the membrane potential (charge) resulting from the entry of cations or the exit of anions

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8
Q

Effector

A

Muscle or gland that responds to a signal;effector organ

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9
Q

Efferent

A

Carrying away from a given point, such as a motor neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the central nervous system

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10
Q

Ganglion

A

Collection of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system

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11
Q

Myelin

A

Fatty material that covers and insulates the axons of some neurons

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12
Q

Neurilemma

A

Thin sheath that covers certain peripheral axons; aids in axon regeneration

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13
Q

nerve

A

Bundle of neuron fibers outside the central nervous system

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14
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical released from the ending of an axon that enables a nerve impulse to cross a chemical synapse

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15
Q

Receptor

A

Specialized cell or ending of a sensory neuron that can be excited by a stimulus. Protein in the plasma membrane or other part of a cell that binds a chemical signal (hormone, neurotransmitter) resulting in change in cellular activity

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16
Q

Reflex

A

Simple, rapid, automatic response to a specific stimulus

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17
Q

Reflex Arc

A

Pathway through the nervous system from stimulus to response; commonly involves a sensory receptor, sensory neuron, central neuron(s), motor neuron, and effector

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18
Q

Repolarization

A

A change in the membrane potential that brings it closer that brings it closer to the resting value

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19
Q

Synapse

A

Junction between two neurons or between a nueron and an effector

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20
Q

Nerve Tract

A

is a bundle of nerve fibers (axons) connecting nuclei of the central nervous system.

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21
Q

Simple reflex

A

a rapid, uncomplicated, and automatic response involving very few neurons

22
Q

Spinal reflex

A

A simple reflex arc that passes through the spinal cord alone and does not involve the brain

23
Q

Two structural divisions of the nervous system

A
  • The central nervous system (CNS)

- The peripheral nervous system (PNS)

24
Q

The Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Includes the brain and spinal cord

25
Q

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A
  • Is made up of all the nerves outside the CNS
  • Includes cranial nerves that carry impulses to and from the brain
  • All the spinal nerves that carry messages to and from the spinal cord
26
Q

Remember

A

Even though cranial nerves attach to the brain, they are still part of the PNS

27
Q

The CNS and PNS

A

together include all of the nervous tissue in the body

28
Q

Two Function Divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A
  • Somatic Nervous System

- Automatic Nervous System

29
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Control:Voluntary (Conscious will)
Effectors: Skeletal Muscle

30
Q

Automatic Nervous System

A

Control: Involuntary (automatic activity)
Effectors: Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
-also called visceral nervous system

31
Q

Structure of a Neuron

A
  • The main portion of each neuron, the cell body, contains the nucleus and other organelles typically found in cells
  • Dendrites and Axons: 2 types of fibers extend from the neuron cell body
  • The myelin sheath
32
Q

Components of the reflex arc

A
  1. Receptor: The end of a dendrite or some specialized receptor cell, as in a special sense organ, that detects a stimulus
    2.Sensory Neuron: call that transmits impulses toward the CNS
    3, Central Nervous System: where impulses are coordinated and a response is organized
  2. Motor Neuron: a cell that carries impulses away form the CNS
  3. Effector: a muscle or a gland outside the CNS that carries out a response
33
Q

Simplest Reflex

A

-A rapid, uncomplicated, and automatic response involving very few neurons

34
Q

Location of a Synapse

A

-Between a neuron or a neuron and an effector

35
Q

Purposes of Neuroglia

A
  • Regulate fluid
  • Protect and nourish
  • Bind aid repair
  • act as phagocytes
  • form a barrier between blood in brain
  • act as stem cells to make new neurons
36
Q

Steps in Action Potential

A
  • Rising phase: A stimulus, such as an electrical, chemical, or mechanical signal of adequate force, causes specific channels in the membrane to open and allow Na+ ions to flow into the cell. Potential rises from -70mV to about +55mV
  • Falling phase: K+ channels open to allow K+ to leave the cell. The departure of of positively charged potassium ions causes the membrane potential to fall from about +55 back to -70mV
37
Q

3 Major Divisions of Plexuses

A
  • Cervical plexus
  • Brachial plexus
  • Lumbosacral plexus
38
Q

Cervical plexus

A
  • Supplies motor impulses to the neck muscles and receives sensory impulses from the neck and the back of the head
  • The phrenic nerve, which activities the diaphragm, arrives from this plexus
39
Q

Lumbosacral plexus

A
  • Supplies nerves to the pelvis and legs
  • The femoral nerve to the thigh is part of this plexus
  • The largest nerve is the sciatic (leaves)
40
Q

Brachial plexus

A
  • Sends numerous branches to the shoulder, arm, forearm, wrist, and hand
  • The median nerve emerges from the brachial plexus
41
Q

Origin of Fibers (characteristics)

A

Sympathetic Nervous System:
-Thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord; thoracolumbar
Parasympathetic Nervous System:
-Brain stem and sacral regions of the spinal cord; craniosacral

42
Q

Location of Ganglia (characteristics)

A

Sympathetic Nervous System:
-Sympathetic chains and three single collateral ganglia (celiac, superior, mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric)
Parasympathetic Nervous System:
-Terminal ganglia in or near the effector organ

43
Q

Neurotransmitter at effector (characteristics)

A

Sympathetic Nervous System:
-Mainly norepinephrine; adrenergic
Parasympathetic Nervous System:
-Acetylcholine; cholinergic

44
Q

Effects (characteristics)

A

SNS
-response to stress; fight or flight response
PNS
-reverses fight or flight (stress) response: stimulates some activites

45
Q

pg 169

A

Study table 8-2

46
Q

pg 163, 164

A

Read about the spinal cord

47
Q

Role of Myelin in Nerve Impulse Conduction

A
  • When myelin is present on an axon, however, it insulates the fiber against the spread of current
  • Speeds conduction
48
Q

Neurotransmitters in Nerve Impulse conduction

A
  • Norepinephrine
  • serotonin
  • dopamine
49
Q

Neuron and a Nerve

A

Neuron: A conducting cell of the nervous system
Nerve: Bundle of neuron fibers outside of the CNS

50
Q

Neurotransmitters involved with each division of ANS

A

SNS:
-Norepinephrine, adrenergic
PNS:
-Acetylcholine, Cholinergic

Anatomy Chp 8 and 9 (2 decks)

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