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SPSC 1192- Topics in Human Nutrition > Chp 8-11 > Flashcards

Chp 8-11 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of water in the body?

A

Environment for chemical reactions, metabolism support, lubrication, tears, cushioning, hydrolysis, regulating body temp.

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2
Q

What is the normal body temp?

A

37°C

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3
Q

What happens when our core temp goes up?

A

Blood moves to the skin surface and heat is released through sweating.

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4
Q

How much of an adult body weight is water?

A

55-60%

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5
Q

What is the water distribution %’s in the body?

A

Total body: 60%
Extracellular fluid: 33%
Blood plasma:8%
Interstital fluid: 25%
Intercellular: 66%

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6
Q

If the concentration of dissolved substances in the blood plasma was higher than in the fluid surrounding the blood vessel. What would happen to water?

A

It would move into the blood vessels

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7
Q

Why do we get thirsty?

A

Blood volume goes down, Solute concentration goes up

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8
Q

How do our body’s regulate urinary water loss?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) signals kidneys that it needs more water. More H2O reabsorbed by the kidneys

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9
Q

Alcohol inhibits antidiuretic hormones. What would you expect to happen?

A

Decreased reabsorption and increased excretion

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10
Q

What is heat-stroke?

A

A life-threatening condition that occurs when the body temperature is greater than 40.6°C.

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11
Q

What is dehydration?

A

Extremely low-level of water in the body.

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12
Q

What is hyponatremia?

A

Consumption of too much water with very low sodium concentration in the body.

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13
Q

What is bioavailability ?

A

The ability for something to be absorbed by the body.

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14
Q

Are plant or animal products easier to absorb?

A

Animal products are easier to absorb. Chemicals bind to minerals in plants and interfere with absorption.

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15
Q

What does Oxalate interfere with the absorption of?

A

Calcium and iron

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16
Q

What does Tannins interfere with the absorption of?

A

Iron

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17
Q

What are the Electrolytes?

A

Sodium, Potassium and Chloride

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18
Q

Sodium (Na).

A

Major functions: Positive extracellular ion, nerve transmission, muscle contraction and fluid balance
Deficiency: Muscle cramps
Toxicity: High Bp in sensitive people

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19
Q

Potassium(K).

A

Major functions: Positive intracellular ion, nerve transmission, muscle contraction, fluid balance
Deficiency: Irregular heartbeat, fatigue and muscle cramps
Toxicity:Abnormal heartbeat

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20
Q

Chloride(Cl).

A

Major functions: Negative extracellular ion, fluid balance
Deficiency: Unlikely
Toxicity: None reported

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21
Q

What are electrolyte deficiency a result of?

A

Excessive sweating, Diarrhea and vomiting

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22
Q

What is responsible for electrical activity in the body?

A

Charged ions.

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23
Q

What is hypertension?

A

Chronic high blood pressure

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24
Q

What are the types of hypertension?

A

1.Primary( clear and no cure)
2. Secondary( due to another medical condition)

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25
Q

Which minerals are involved in bone health?

A

Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium

26
Q

Calcium(Ca)

A

Major functions: Bone and tooth structure, nerve transmission, muscle contraction, blood clotting, BP regulation
Deficiency: Increased risk of osteoporosis
Toxicity: Kidney stones, High blood calcium levels

27
Q

Phophorus(P)

A

Major functions: Structure of bone and teeth, membrane, ATP,DNA, acid base balance
Deficiency: Bone loss ,weakness, lack of appetite,
Toxicity: Calcium reabsorption from bones.

28
Q

Magnesium(Mg)

A

Major functions: bone structure, ATP stabilization, enzyme activity, nerve an muscle function
Deficiency: Nausea, vomiting, weakness, muscle pain heart changed
Toxicity:Nausea, vomiting, low BP

29
Q

What regulates blood calcium levels?

A

Parathyroid hormones and calcitonin

30
Q

What is the difference between osteoclast and osteoblast?

A

Osteoclasts (bone resoption)
Osteoblasts (bone deposition)

31
Q

Iron(Fe).

A

Major functions: Hemoglobin, myglobin and protein needed for ATP productions needed for immune function.
Deficiency:Iron deficiency, anemia, weakness, fatigue, small pale red blood cells, cant maintain normal body temp.
Toxicity: Gastro intestinal issues

32
Q

What are the two types of Iron?

A

Heme-iron:Only found in animals, high bioavailability
Non-Heme iron: Only found in plants, nuts and seeds, less than 1/2 will be absorbed.

33
Q

Copper(Cu)

A

Major functions: Needed for iron absorption, lipid metabolism, Collagen synthesis, nerve/immune function, protection from oxidative damage.
Deficiency:Anemia, poor growth, bone abnormalities
Toxicity:Vomiting, abdominal pain, liver damage
*An antioxidant

34
Q

Zinc (Zn)

A

Major functions: Regulates protein synthesis, functions in growth/development, wound healing, immunity and antioxidant enzymes.
Deficiency:Poor growth/development, skin rashes, poor immune function
Toxicity: Decreased copper absorption, depressed immune function
*Cofactor of over 200 enzymes in the body

35
Q

Selenium(Se)

A

Major functions: Antioxidant as a part of glutathione peroxide synthesis of thyroid hormones
Deficiency:Muscle pain, weakness, kasha disease( heart disease)
Toxicity:nausea, vomiting , fatigue, change in hair and nails
detoxifying free radicals

36
Q

Iodine(I)

A

Major functions:Needed for synthesis of thyroid hormones
Deficiency: Goiter, impaired brain function, growth and development abnormalities
Toxicity: Enlarged thyroid

37
Q

Fluoride(F)

A

Major functions:Strengthens tooth enamel, enhances remineralization of teeth, reduces acid production by bacteria in the mouth
Deficiency: Increased risk of dental carries
Toxicity: Fluorosis; Mottled teeth, kidney damage, bone abnormalities

38
Q

What are the common ways to measure BMI?

A

1)Hydrostatic weighing(dunk test)
2)Bop pod
3)Skin-fold
4)Bioelectrical impedance analysis
5) Dual energy X-Ray

39
Q

What are the common ways to measure BMI?

A

1)Hydrostatic weighing(dunk test)
2)Bop pod
3)Skin-fold
4)Bioelectrical impedance analysis
5) Dual energy X-Ray

40
Q

What factors determine our body weight?

A

Energy balance
Genetic/Physiological factors
Culture, social and economics
Obesogenic Environments

41
Q

What is the equation for energy expenditure?

A

TEE= Basal metabolism+Digestion+Physical activity

42
Q

What the 7 factors of energy balance?

A

-Individual physical activity
-Physical activity environment
-Food production
-Food consumption
-Indivdual psychology
-Social psychology
-Physiological factors

43
Q

What is the RDA of screen time for children 5-17 years old?

A

2 hours a day of recreational screen time

44
Q

What are sprawl and anti-sprawl communities?

A

Sprawl: Outside city centres
Anti-Sprawl: City

45
Q

What % of body fat is genetic and non-genetic factors?

A

25% genetic
75% non-genetic

46
Q

what are the 3 strategies to change body weight in a healthy way?

A

1)Gradual Change in energy intake
2)Regular and appropriate Physical activity
3) Behaviour modification

47
Q

What are the 3 macro focused diets?

A
  1. Moderate fat, high carb, moderate protein
    2.High fat, low carb, high protein
    3.Very/low fat
48
Q

Define anorexia nervosa.

A

Self-starvation, leading to severe nutrient deficiency and can be fatal

49
Q

Define Bulimia Nervosa.

A

Reoccuring episodes of extreme binge eating and purging

50
Q

Define binge eating.

A

> 2x weekly for 6 months not followed by purging.

51
Q

What are the two types of Fats?

A

Visceral fat: deep in the abdomen and cannot be seen
Subcutaneous Fat: Just under the skin and can be seen

52
Q

What is the difference between Physical activity and exercise?

A

Physical activity: is non structured and any movements where energy is expended
Exercise: Planned, structured and purposeful

53
Q

Define physical fitness.

A

Body ability to adapt to high demands/stress of physical effort without becoming overly tired.

54
Q

What are the 5 heath related components of fitness?

A

Aerobic Fitness: ability to sustain large muscle activity for a long time
Muscular Strength: generate as much power as you can in one movement
Muscular Endurance: Ability of a muscle to move repeatedly for a long time
Body Comp: Proportion of lean muscle and fat tissue on the body
Flexibility: Ability to move a joint through its full range of motion.

55
Q

What are the 4 principles of Strength development?

A

Overload principle: hypertrophy of the muscle
Tension principle: free weights, machines, cables,
Specificity principle: Do exercises for the muscles you want to grow
Recovery principle: allow 48 hours between training the same muscle group

56
Q

What are the two types of metabolism?

A

Anabolic: Building up(protein synthesis, Conversion of glucose to glycogen
Catabolic: Breaking down( digestion)

57
Q

How is energy released?

A

Cellular respiration uses oxygen to convert glucose, fatty acids and amino acids into CO2, water and ATP(energy). All occurs in the mitochondria (powerhouse of the cell)

58
Q

In glucose metabolism what is formed if there isn’t enough oxygen present in the breakdown of Pyruvate?

A

Not enough oxygen: Lactis acid
Enough oxygen: Acetyl CoA

59
Q

What are the sources of energy and how long do they last?

A

ATP(1-3 seconds)
Creatine Phosphate(10-30 seconds)
Anaerobic glucose(10 sec-2min)

60
Q

What is the RDI of iron for athletes?

A

Sedentary (M=1mg/d W=1.5mg/d)
Athlete (M=1.8 mg W=2.5mg/d)

SPSC 1192- Topics in Human Nutrition (3 decks)

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