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SPSC 1192- Topics in Human Nutrition > Chp 8-11 > Flashcards

Chp 8-11 Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

What are the main functions of water in the body?

A

Environment for chemical reactions, metabolism support, lubrication, tears, cushioning, hydrolysis, regulating body temp.

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2
Q

What is the normal body temp?

A

37°C

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3
Q

What happens when our core temp goes up?

A

Blood moves to the skin surface and heat is released through sweating.

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4
Q

How much of an adult body weight is water?

A

55-60%

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5
Q

What is the water distribution %’s in the body?

A

Total body: 60%
Extracellular fluid: 33%
Blood plasma:8%
Interstital fluid: 25%
Intercellular: 66%

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6
Q

If the concentration of dissolved substances in the blood plasma was higher than in the fluid surrounding the blood vessel. What would happen to water?

A

It would move into the blood vessels

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7
Q

Why do we get thirsty?

A

Blood volume goes down, Solute concentration goes up

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8
Q

How do our body’s regulate urinary water loss?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) signals kidneys that it needs more water. More H2O reabsorbed by the kidneys

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9
Q

Alcohol inhibits antidiuretic hormones. What would you expect to happen?

A

Decreased reabsorption and increased excretion

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10
Q

What is heat-stroke?

A

A life-threatening condition that occurs when the body temperature is greater than 40.6°C.

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11
Q

What is dehydration?

A

Extremely low-level of water in the body.

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12
Q

What is hyponatremia?

A

Consumption of too much water with very low sodium concentration in the body.

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13
Q

What is bioavailability ?

A

The ability for something to be absorbed by the body.

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14
Q

Are plant or animal products easier to absorb?

A

Animal products are easier to absorb. Chemicals bind to minerals in plants and interfere with absorption.

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15
Q

What does Oxalate interfere with the absorption of?

A

Calcium and iron

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16
Q

What does Tannins interfere with the absorption of?

A

Iron

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17
Q

What are the Electrolytes?

A

Sodium, Potassium and Chloride

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18
Q

Sodium (Na).

A

Major functions: Positive extracellular ion, nerve transmission, muscle contraction and fluid balance
Deficiency: Muscle cramps
Toxicity: High Bp in sensitive people

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19
Q

Potassium(K).

A

Major functions: Positive intracellular ion, nerve transmission, muscle contraction, fluid balance
Deficiency: Irregular heartbeat, fatigue and muscle cramps
Toxicity:Abnormal heartbeat

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20
Q

Chloride(Cl).

A

Major functions: Negative extracellular ion, fluid balance
Deficiency: Unlikely
Toxicity: None reported

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21
Q

What are electrolyte deficiency a result of?

A

Excessive sweating, Diarrhea and vomiting

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22
Q

What is responsible for electrical activity in the body?

A

Charged ions.

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23
Q

What is hypertension?

A

Chronic high blood pressure

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24
Q

What are the types of hypertension?

A

1.Primary( clear and no cure)
2. Secondary( due to another medical condition)

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25
Which minerals are involved in bone health?
Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium
26
Calcium(Ca)
Major functions: Bone and tooth structure, nerve transmission, muscle contraction, blood clotting, BP regulation Deficiency: Increased risk of osteoporosis Toxicity: Kidney stones, High blood calcium levels
27
Phophorus(P)
Major functions: Structure of bone and teeth, membrane, ATP,DNA, acid base balance Deficiency: Bone loss ,weakness, lack of appetite, Toxicity: Calcium reabsorption from bones.
28
Magnesium(Mg)
Major functions: bone structure, ATP stabilization, enzyme activity, nerve an muscle function Deficiency: Nausea, vomiting, weakness, muscle pain heart changed Toxicity:Nausea, vomiting, low BP
29
What regulates blood calcium levels?
Parathyroid hormones and calcitonin
30
What is the difference between osteoclast and osteoblast?
Osteoclasts (bone resoption) Osteoblasts (bone deposition)
31
Iron(Fe).
Major functions: Hemoglobin, myglobin and protein needed for ATP productions needed for immune function. Deficiency:Iron deficiency, anemia, weakness, fatigue, small pale red blood cells, cant maintain normal body temp. Toxicity: Gastro intestinal issues
32
What are the two types of Iron?
Heme-iron:Only found in animals, high bioavailability Non-Heme iron: Only found in plants, nuts and seeds, less than 1/2 will be absorbed.
33
Copper(Cu)
Major functions: Needed for iron absorption, lipid metabolism, Collagen synthesis, nerve/immune function, protection from oxidative damage. Deficiency:Anemia, poor growth, bone abnormalities Toxicity:Vomiting, abdominal pain, liver damage *An antioxidant
34
Zinc (Zn)
Major functions: Regulates protein synthesis, functions in growth/development, wound healing, immunity and antioxidant enzymes. Deficiency:Poor growth/development, skin rashes, poor immune function Toxicity: Decreased copper absorption, depressed immune function *Cofactor of over 200 enzymes in the body
35
Selenium(Se)
Major functions: Antioxidant as a part of glutathione peroxide synthesis of thyroid hormones Deficiency:Muscle pain, weakness, kasha disease( heart disease) Toxicity:nausea, vomiting , fatigue, change in hair and nails *detoxifying free radicals*
36
Iodine(I)
Major functions:Needed for synthesis of thyroid hormones Deficiency: Goiter, impaired brain function, growth and development abnormalities Toxicity: Enlarged thyroid
37
Fluoride(F)
Major functions:Strengthens tooth enamel, enhances remineralization of teeth, reduces acid production by bacteria in the mouth Deficiency: Increased risk of dental carries Toxicity: Fluorosis; Mottled teeth, kidney damage, bone abnormalities
38
What are the common ways to measure BMI?
1)Hydrostatic weighing(dunk test) 2)Bop pod 3)Skin-fold 4)Bioelectrical impedance analysis 5) Dual energy X-Ray
39
What are the common ways to measure BMI?
1)Hydrostatic weighing(dunk test) 2)Bop pod 3)Skin-fold 4)Bioelectrical impedance analysis 5) Dual energy X-Ray
40
What factors determine our body weight?
Energy balance Genetic/Physiological factors Culture, social and economics Obesogenic Environments
41
What is the equation for energy expenditure?
TEE= Basal metabolism+Digestion+Physical activity
42
What the 7 factors of energy balance?
-Individual physical activity -Physical activity environment -Food production -Food consumption -Indivdual psychology -Social psychology -Physiological factors
43
What is the RDA of screen time for children 5-17 years old?
2 hours a day of recreational screen time
44
What are sprawl and anti-sprawl communities?
Sprawl: Outside city centres Anti-Sprawl: City
45
What % of body fat is genetic and non-genetic factors?
25% genetic 75% non-genetic
46
what are the 3 strategies to change body weight in a healthy way?
1)Gradual Change in energy intake 2)Regular and appropriate Physical activity 3) Behaviour modification
47
What are the 3 macro focused diets?
1. Moderate fat, high carb, moderate protein 2.High fat, low carb, high protein 3.Very/low fat
48
Define anorexia nervosa.
Self-starvation, leading to severe nutrient deficiency and can be fatal
49
Define Bulimia Nervosa.
Reoccuring episodes of extreme binge eating and purging
50
Define binge eating.
>2x weekly for 6 months not followed by purging.
51
What are the two types of Fats?
Visceral fat: deep in the abdomen and cannot be seen Subcutaneous Fat: Just under the skin and can be seen
52
What is the difference between Physical activity and exercise?
Physical activity: is non structured and any movements where energy is expended Exercise: Planned, structured and purposeful
53
Define physical fitness.
Body ability to adapt to high demands/stress of physical effort without becoming overly tired.
54
What are the 5 heath related components of fitness?
Aerobic Fitness: ability to sustain large muscle activity for a long time Muscular Strength: generate as much power as you can in one movement Muscular Endurance: Ability of a muscle to move repeatedly for a long time Body Comp: Proportion of lean muscle and fat tissue on the body Flexibility: Ability to move a joint through its full range of motion.
55
What are the 4 principles of Strength development?
Overload principle: hypertrophy of the muscle Tension principle: free weights, machines, cables, Specificity principle: Do exercises for the muscles you want to grow Recovery principle: allow 48 hours between training the same muscle group
56
What are the two types of metabolism?
Anabolic: Building up(protein synthesis, Conversion of glucose to glycogen Catabolic: Breaking down( digestion)
57
How is energy released?
Cellular respiration uses oxygen to convert glucose, fatty acids and amino acids into CO2, water and ATP(energy). All occurs in the mitochondria (powerhouse of the cell)
58
In glucose metabolism what is formed if there isn't enough oxygen present in the breakdown of Pyruvate?
Not enough oxygen: Lactis acid Enough oxygen: Acetyl CoA
59
What are the sources of energy and how long do they last?
ATP(1-3 seconds) Creatine Phosphate(10-30 seconds) Anaerobic glucose(10 sec-2min)
60
What is the RDI of iron for athletes?
Sedentary (M=1mg/d W=1.5mg/d) Athlete (M=1.8 mg W=2.5mg/d)

SPSC 1192- Topics in Human Nutrition (3 decks)

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