Chp-7

Question 0

The values are called what?

Answer 0

levels of the IV.

Question 1

An experiment’s independent variable (IV) is the _________________________. It is the antecedent the experimenter chooses to vary.

Answer 1

dimension that the experimenter intentionally manipulates.

Question 2

To meet the definition of an experiment, at least 2 treatment conditions (groups) are required what are they?

Answer 2

• Thus an IV must have at least 2 possible values in every experiment.
• The values are called levels of the IV.
• Each treatment condition is called a level of the IV.

Question 3

The dependent variable (DV) is what is what?

Answer 3

measured to determine if the IV had an effect.

Question 4

The dependent variable is the particular behavior we expect to change by way of what?

Answer 4

experimental intervention.

Question 5

if hypothesis is correct, different values (levels) of the IV should what?

Answer 5

produce changes in the DV.

Question 6

When trying to do a hypothesis you must determine what?

Answer 6

• What will you manipulate or vary to test the hypothesis? (your IV)
• What behavior are you trying to explain? What will you measure to determine if your IV had an effect (your DV)
• If there is no manipulation of the IV, you are still conduction research but you do not have an experimental hypothesis and can not show cause and effect.

Question 7

•A _______ definition that is used in everyday language

Answer 7

conceptual

Question 8

•An _________ definition that is used to carry out the experiment.

Answer 8

operational

Question 9

A ______ ______ specifies the precise meaning of a variable within an experiment.

Answer 9

operational definition

Question 10

What explains the precise meaning of the INdependent variables?

Answer 10

Experimental operational definitions

Question 11

What describes exactly what procedures we follow to assess the impact of different treatment conditions?

Answer 11

Measured operational definitions

Question 12

What are Hypothetical Constructs or concepts?

Answer 12

They are unseen processes believed to explain behavior.

Question 13

What are some examples of Hypothetical Constructs?

Answer 13

such as: anxiety, depression, intelligence, learning, etc…

Question 14

_______- names or numbers used to distinguish between objects, e.g., categories; numbers given to football and basketball players; used for identification purposes only; e.g., republican or democrat; male or female, room numbers in Campbell Hall.

Answer 14

Nominal

Question 15

______- not only identifying but also, ranking: tell which value is greater than the other and nothing about the relative degree of difference between ranks. Example: high school class ranking; hundred meter hurdles – five people competing: some one is going to be first, second, etc. But, you can’t say that 1 was twice as good as 2 or that one was five times as fast as the fifth place finisher. Rate your pain on a scale of 1 to 10.

Answer 15

Ordinal

Question 16

______- each interval is assumed to be equal to each other interval on the scale: EQUAL intervals between scores and does not have an absolute zero; e.g., Fahrenheit temperature scale, the difference between 10 degrees F and 20 degrees F is the same as the difference between 80 degrees F and 90 degrees F.

Answer 16

Interval

Question 17

______- has all the properties of the other scales, but one more: an absolute zero – represents the highest level of measurement; e.g, Kelvin scale. There is an absolute zero, because this is the point at which molecular movement stops. Other examples are time, weight. Ratios are meaningful. For example, 300 lbs is 3 times as heavy as 100 pounds.

Answer 17

Ratio

Question 18

A measure’s ability to produce similar results when repeated measurements are made under identical conditions is called?

Answer 18

Reliability

Question 19

_____– the range of variation to be expected on repeated measurements. A measure that is more precise has a smaller range of variation.

Answer 19

Precision

Question 20

_______ – the precision of population estimates such as measures of opinion and attitude (ex. polls).

Answer 20

Margin of error

Question 21

______ _______– with multiple observers and you can establish the extent to which their judgments agree with each other.

Answer 21

Interrater reliability

Question 22

The extent to which a variable measures what you intend it to measure is called what?

Answer 22

Validity

Question 23

Threat to internal Validity.

Answer 23

nHistory – was there an outside event that occurred before testing that may produce affects on the DV instead of the manipulation of the IV (ex. weight loss study - if participants in 1 group were weighed before a meal and the other group was weighed after a meal).
nMaturation – physical or psychological changes in the participant that might affect scores on the DV (ex. boredom or fatigue).
nTesting – A participant frequently performs differently the second time they take a test (pretest-posttest)
nInstrumentation – some feature of the measuring instrument itself changes (ex. rubber ruler).

Question 24

Threat to Internal Validity 2.

Answer 24

nStatistical Regression (toward the mean) – if participants are assigned to groups based on low or high scores.  If the same test is given again their scores will likely be closer to the mean.
nSelection – not using random assignment may threaten internal validity.
nSubject mortality – something about the treatment may be causing participants to drop out at a different rate among the groups.
nSelection interactions – if participants were not randomly assigned, or if random assignment does not balance out group differences, any of the other threats may have affected one experimental group but not the others.