Chp. 6 Learning

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

A relatively enduring change in behavior or thinking that results from experience.

Question 2

Habituation

Answer 2

Basic form of learning is evident when an organism does not respond as strongly or as often to an event following multiple exposures to it.

Question 3

Neutral Stiumulus

Answer 3

Does not cause a relevant automatic or reflexive response.

Question 4

Acquisition

Answer 4

Initial learning phase in both classical and operant conditioning

Question 5

Extinction

Answer 5

The conditioned response (CR) decreases and eventually disappears; in operant conditioning, the disappearance of a learned behavior through the removal of its reinforcers

Question 6

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 6

The reappearance of a conditioned response following its extinction

Question 7

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Answer 7

Automatically triggers an involuntary response without any learning needed

Question 8

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Answer 8

A reflexive, involuntary response to an unconditioned stimulus

Question 9

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Answer 9

A previously neutral stimulus that an organism learns to associate with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 10

Conditioned Response (CR)

Answer 10

A learned response to a conditional stimulus

Question 11

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 11

After an association is forged between the CS and the CR, the learner often responds to similar stimuli as if they are the original CR.
Example: If a dog in Pavlov’s experiment heard a sound w/ different qualities they still salivated; a stimulus similar to CS

Question 12

Stimulus Discrimination

Answer 12

The ability to differentiate between a particular CS and other significantly different stimuli is stimulus differentiation. Example: Pavlov’s dogs associate meat w/ high pitched sounds, they salivate when they hear it. If they hear a lower pitched sound they may NOT salivate.

Question 13

Conditioned Taste Aversion

Answer 13

Form of classical conditioning that occurs when an organism learns to associate the tastes of a particular food or drink w/ illness. Example: Food poisoning

Question 14

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 14

Adding a reward; you exercise a few times & feel better, leading you to exercise more often

Question 15

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 15

Removing an unpleasant stimulus; Aspirin relieves headache and leads to more Aspirin use

Question 16

Positive Punishment

Answer 16

Adding unpleasant stimulus; getting speeding ticket, leads to less punishment

Question 17

Negative Punishment

Answer 17

Removing a desirable stimulus; getting grounded, leads to you breaking the rules less

Question 18

Continuous Reinforcement

Answer 18

Every target behavior is reinforced

Question 19

Partial Reinforcement

Answer 19

Target behaviors are reinforced intermittently

Question 20

Primary Reinforcer

Answer 20

Satisfies a biological need; innate reinforcer. Ex. food & water

Question 21

Secondary Reinforcer

Answer 21

Does not satisfy a biological need but often gains power through its association w/ a primary reinforcer. Ex. money & good grades

Question 22

Abuse of Punishment

Answer 22

Is often applied unequally, may inhibit learning new & better responses, and often triggers escape/aggression

Question 23

When Punishment Works

Answer 23

Presented w/out delay, consistent, and consequence is logical

Question 24

Observational Learning

Answer 24

Learn by watching and imitating other people

Question 25

Social Learning

Answer 25

Learn social behaviors by observing others, then imitation

Question 26

Modeling

Answer 26

The individual/character whose behavior is being imitated

Question 27

Insight

Answer 27

A sudden coming together of awareness of a situation, leading to a solution

Question 28

Latent Learning

Answer 28

Learning that occurs w/out awareness and regardless of reinforcement, and is not evident until needed