CHP 5: Development Flashcards
what is most common way of measuring development?
economically
* level/growth of GDP
* poverty
* income/economic inequality
what is an economic development indicator?
how much the economy is producing/how much its people are earning
* GDP (gross domestic product)
* GNI (gross national income)
Name all the social indicators/ways of looking at development.
- health/education
- quality/well being of life/standard of living
- equity across societal groups
- cultural autonomy
- environmental sustainability
- (last two are relationship between issues and development)
What do cases around the world show about these indicators?
they are positively correlated w/ one another BUT not always
What is also true about “Poverty”?
- can be seen as measure of people having access to healthcare/education
- relates to things like wealth distribution (GINI index)
What is also true about social outcomes/human development?
- a measure of well being
- accumulated skills and investments people have made in their own capacities
What are some fundamental aspects of human capital?
- health (life expectancy, mortality rates, infection/morbidity rates, access to healthcare)
- education (literacy rates,educational attainment, quality of education)
- standard of living (HDI, brings health and education together, broader view of well being/development)
What does evidence suggest about inequality as levels of income increases in economic development?
suggests that inequality increases.
when moving from low income stage to middle, some people get wealthier while some DO NOT.
Describe
Migration and Development.
- when confronted with poor social/economic outcomes one can decide to migrate (within or outside country)
- push factor - underdevelopment in my area
- pull - better development in another area
What is a case that lacks improving standard of living and reducing poverty
nigeria
gender relations and racial/ethnic identities
What can be seen as a factor of a less-developed country in terms of this?
- men and women having different life expectancies
- radically different education/professional opportunities for men and women
gender relations and racial/ethnic identities
The two ways gender matters for development?
- ends = development can be defined as the economic/social opps available to men and women alike
- means = empowering women can help advance other aspects of development
giving more opps to women (loans and education), can lead to households making more resources available (family healthcare, nutrition, childs education)
group inequalities
What is ture about group inequalities in terms of development?
- if certain racial/ethnic groups are deprived of opps to participate in economy = development is not complete
south africa aparthied
group inequalities
Describe the case of the South African Apartheid
- Black South Africans had lower income levels than white South Africans
- had no political rights
- suffered from inferior systems of education, healthcare and housing
What role does “satisfaction and happiness” play in development?
- people seek higher incomes
–> access to better food, housing, education, travel etc - measuring peoples ability to fulfill their preferences (value people get from consuming or having access to things that pleasure them)
- happiness NOT in terms of g/s (relationships, leisure time, social status etc)
Describe
Cultural Aspects in relation to development
- ability to retain/deepen culture
- some may define development as right to self-determination, living autonomously, rich cultural traditions
- some may see development as a threat to culture (especially modernization)
indigenous groups - protect themselves from the west
France - wrestle with modern ideas of growth and development
describe
environmental approach to development
- if it is not sustainable it wont work
- sustainable development (development that conserves resources to respect needs of future generations)
main focal points in what leads to development.
- the role of the market and state in development
- institutions
- cultural values
- domestic/international structures that condition development
what is a major debate in political economy?
market led vs state led developments
market = state controls little amount of behavior of economic actors (more effective allocation of resources
state = state plays prominent role in behavior of economic actors (state is most sutiable for this task)
explain market led side more
- society is better off when people decide to maxmize off their own gains
- 80s-90s more free market systems were more prominent
- in recent years critics stated that free market led to unemployment, income inequality and hyperinflation
also called neoliberalism
institutions of…..
strong property rights would promote investments becaause it allows people to reap rewards
explain state-led side more
- prominent after WW2
- active involvment by well-organized capable states helped direct investment to productive enterprises
market led vs state led
What is the current consensus revolving aroud this?
they both play very important roles in the modern economy
if someones rights are well established/secure…
then people are likely to behave in ways that promote development
rational institutionalim puts for of an emphasis on
political/economic outcomes being results of peoples responses to institutional environment
historical institutionalism places more emphasis on
- historical changes shape future events
how does culture lead/shape development
- through civil socities and their ability to thrive (levels of trust)
- social capital (information flowing, network ties = trust
- bonding capital = density/deepening of ties = economic benefits
- bridging capital = set of benefits that come from network expanding
how does culture lead/shape development
religion
- religious institutions can bind people together and create trust/cooperation
- has political, social, economic outcomes
how does culture lead/shape development
value systems
values that are not religious
* people favor development if they can orientate their behavior to the future
* work ethic, long term planning, individualism etc
systems and structures domestic/international
institutionalists
development is determined by by actions/decision of people shaped by institutions and the incentives/constraints they create
systems and structures domestic/international
culturalists
peoples behavior in economy is shaped or constrained by beliefs, norms, values and habits
systems and structures domestic/international
explain domestic structures and class interests in terms of development
- groups may block development because they are looking to gain for their own benefit at expense of large population
- some institutions of democracy can be functioning well but certain needs for special treatment by groups block economic growth
systems and structures domestic/international
explain international structures and class interests in terms of development
- the structure of the international economy can place some countries in a better position for capitalist accumulation
- other countries can be subject to low wage labor/resources and a small # of elites that can be complicit to the richer countries
countries cannot afford to participate in free trade because of the wealth distribution consequences
what are the the effects of “systemic” and “structural” factors of development
the world economic/political order can affect (+ or -) the economic advancement of some countries
Importance of geography in terms of development?
- location shapes economic opps
- access to sea vs landlocked
- landlocked countries rely more on neighbors if they want to trade with the entire world (farther from global markets)
- this is a structural variable
