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Global Politics > CHP 5: Development > Flashcards

CHP 5: Development Flashcards

1
Q

what is most common way of measuring development?

A

economically
* level/growth of GDP
* poverty
* income/economic inequality

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2
Q

what is an economic development indicator?

A

how much the economy is producing/how much its people are earning
* GDP (gross domestic product)
* GNI (gross national income)

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3
Q

Name all the social indicators/ways of looking at development.

A
  • health/education
  • quality/well being of life/standard of living
  • equity across societal groups
  • cultural autonomy
  • environmental sustainability
  • (last two are relationship between issues and development)
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4
Q

What do cases around the world show about these indicators?

A

they are positively correlated w/ one another BUT not always

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5
Q

What is also true about “Poverty”?

A
  • can be seen as measure of people having access to healthcare/education
  • relates to things like wealth distribution (GINI index)
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6
Q

What is also true about social outcomes/human development?

A
  • a measure of well being
  • accumulated skills and investments people have made in their own capacities
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7
Q

What are some fundamental aspects of human capital?

A
  • health (life expectancy, mortality rates, infection/morbidity rates, access to healthcare)
  • education (literacy rates,educational attainment, quality of education)
  • standard of living (HDI, brings health and education together, broader view of well being/development)
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8
Q

What does evidence suggest about inequality as levels of income increases in economic development?

A

suggests that inequality increases.
when moving from low income stage to middle, some people get wealthier while some DO NOT.

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9
Q

Describe

Migration and Development.

A
  • when confronted with poor social/economic outcomes one can decide to migrate (within or outside country)
  • push factor - underdevelopment in my area
  • pull - better development in another area
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10
Q

What is a case that lacks improving standard of living and reducing poverty

A

nigeria

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11
Q

gender relations and racial/ethnic identities

What can be seen as a factor of a less-developed country in terms of this?

A
  • men and women having different life expectancies
  • radically different education/professional opportunities for men and women
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12
Q

gender relations and racial/ethnic identities

The two ways gender matters for development?

A
  • ends = development can be defined as the economic/social opps available to men and women alike
  • means = empowering women can help advance other aspects of development

giving more opps to women (loans and education), can lead to households making more resources available (family healthcare, nutrition, childs education)

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13
Q

group inequalities

What is ture about group inequalities in terms of development?

A
  • if certain racial/ethnic groups are deprived of opps to participate in economy = development is not complete

south africa aparthied

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14
Q

group inequalities

Describe the case of the South African Apartheid

A
  • Black South Africans had lower income levels than white South Africans
  • had no political rights
  • suffered from inferior systems of education, healthcare and housing
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15
Q

What role does “satisfaction and happiness” play in development?

A
  • people seek higher incomes
    –> access to better food, housing, education, travel etc
  • measuring peoples ability to fulfill their preferences (value people get from consuming or having access to things that pleasure them)
  • happiness NOT in terms of g/s (relationships, leisure time, social status etc)
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16
Q

Describe

Cultural Aspects in relation to development

A
  • ability to retain/deepen culture
  • some may define development as right to self-determination, living autonomously, rich cultural traditions
  • some may see development as a threat to culture (especially modernization)

indigenous groups - protect themselves from the west
France - wrestle with modern ideas of growth and development

17
Q

describe

environmental approach to development

A
  • if it is not sustainable it wont work
  • sustainable development (development that conserves resources to respect needs of future generations)
18
Q

main focal points in what leads to development.

A
  • the role of the market and state in development
  • institutions
  • cultural values
  • domestic/international structures that condition development
19
Q

what is a major debate in political economy?

A

market led vs state led developments

market = state controls little amount of behavior of economic actors (more effective allocation of resources

state = state plays prominent role in behavior of economic actors (state is most sutiable for this task)

20
Q

explain market led side more

A
  • society is better off when people decide to maxmize off their own gains
  • 80s-90s more free market systems were more prominent
  • in recent years critics stated that free market led to unemployment, income inequality and hyperinflation

also called neoliberalism

21
Q

institutions of…..

A

strong property rights would promote investments becaause it allows people to reap rewards

22
Q

explain state-led side more

A
  • prominent after WW2
  • active involvment by well-organized capable states helped direct investment to productive enterprises
23
Q

market led vs state led

What is the current consensus revolving aroud this?

A

they both play very important roles in the modern economy

24
Q

if someones rights are well established/secure…

A

then people are likely to behave in ways that promote development

25
Q

rational institutionalim puts for of an emphasis on

A

political/economic outcomes being results of peoples responses to institutional environment

26
Q

historical institutionalism places more emphasis on

A
  • historical changes shape future events
27
Q

how does culture lead/shape development

A
  • through civil socities and their ability to thrive (levels of trust)
  • social capital (information flowing, network ties = trust
  • bonding capital = density/deepening of ties = economic benefits
  • bridging capital = set of benefits that come from network expanding
28
Q

how does culture lead/shape development

religion

A
  • religious institutions can bind people together and create trust/cooperation
  • has political, social, economic outcomes
29
Q

how does culture lead/shape development

value systems

A

values that are not religious
* people favor development if they can orientate their behavior to the future
* work ethic, long term planning, individualism etc

30
Q

systems and structures domestic/international

institutionalists

A

development is determined by by actions/decision of people shaped by institutions and the incentives/constraints they create

31
Q

systems and structures domestic/international

culturalists

A

peoples behavior in economy is shaped or constrained by beliefs, norms, values and habits

32
Q

systems and structures domestic/international

explain domestic structures and class interests in terms of development

A
  • groups may block development because they are looking to gain for their own benefit at expense of large population
  • some institutions of democracy can be functioning well but certain needs for special treatment by groups block economic growth
33
Q

systems and structures domestic/international

explain international structures and class interests in terms of development

A
  • the structure of the international economy can place some countries in a better position for capitalist accumulation
  • other countries can be subject to low wage labor/resources and a small # of elites that can be complicit to the richer countries

countries cannot afford to participate in free trade because of the wealth distribution consequences

34
Q

what are the the effects of “systemic” and “structural” factors of development

A

the world economic/political order can affect (+ or -) the economic advancement of some countries

35
Q

Importance of geography in terms of development?

A
  • location shapes economic opps
  • access to sea vs landlocked
  • landlocked countries rely more on neighbors if they want to trade with the entire world (farther from global markets)
  • this is a structural variable

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