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Anesthesia Review Questions > Chp 40 Canine Breed-Specific Problems > Flashcards

Chp 40 Canine Breed-Specific Problems Flashcards

1
Q

What is a breed?

A

Particular group of domestic animals related by descent from common ancestors –> visibly similar in most characteristics, usually incapable of maintaining distinctive characteristics in nature
–Familial sensitivity to certain drugs may be present

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2
Q

Sighthounds

A
  • Classification of a dog breed as a sighthound = purely subjective
  • Based on body conformation similarities, breed purpose
  • Dogs bread to hunt by sight +/- used for racing
  • Considered to be oldest breed of dogs
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3
Q

Examples of Hounds per AKC

A 
Afghan Hound 
Borzoi
Greyhound
Ibizan Hound
Italian Greyhound
Irish Wolfhound
Pharaoh Hound 
Saluki
Scottish Deerhound
Whippet
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4
Q

What are two other breeds sometimes included in the sighthound group?

A

Rhodesian Ridgeback

Basenji

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5
Q

What are some characteristics of sighthounds that might affect anesthesia?

A

Nervous, more prone to develop stress-related clinical complications including GI upset, hyperthermia

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6
Q

What are hematological characteristics of sighthounds that will influence GA?

A
  • Higher PCVs (50-60%)
  • Lower serum protein concentrations (6.5mg/dL)
  • Lower serum albumin concentrations may result relatively increased effect of drugs that are highly protein bound (ie anesthetics)
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7
Q

What are the two factors that will play important role in recovery from effects of drugs in sighthounds?

A
  1. Lack of fat tissue that will affect redistribution of drugs
  2. Different abilities to metabolize drugs used to induce/maintain GA
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8
Q

What environmental factor is essential to control with sighthounds?

A

BODY TEMPERATURE!

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9
Q

Why is body temperature essential to be conscious of in sighthounds?

A

Lean animals with low body fat to muscle ratio –> susceptible to hypothermia, esp when thermoregulatory mechanisms depressed by GA

  • -Heat loss exacerbated by short, thin coat in whippets, GHs
  • -Prevention essential -> cool down very rapidly, can have problems associated with hypothermia that can be significant (eg bradycardia that unresponsive to anticholinergics)
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10
Q

How is the hepatic metabolism of drugs different in sighthounds vs MBDs?

A
  • -Alteration in the activity of liver enzymes in the cytochrome P450 family
  • -Mostly affected metabolism of thiobarbiturates (significantly slower), but propofol and methohexital also cleared more slowly
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11
Q

Why should we avoid thiobarbiturates in GHs and why?

A
  • Recovery from thiobarbiturate ax: redistribution of drug from brain tissue to muscle/fat with concomitant liver metabolism and elimination of the drug
  • GHs: Absence of adipose tissue for redistribution, alterations of liver metabolism of the drug
  • Rate of elimination = nonlinear -> suggests saturation of enzymatic clearance process
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12
Q

What is another drug should consider avoiding in GHs due to potential for poor, prolonged recoveries?

A
  • telazol
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13
Q

Are large-breed dogs more sensitive to CV/respiratory depressant effects of drugs used in an anesthesia protocol?

A

-LBDs = more easily overdosed –> effect, duration of action of drugs will be increased

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14
Q

Ideally, how should calculate drug doses for LBDs?

A
  • Body surface area instead of weight

- Equation for estimation: metabolic weight = Body Weight (kg) ^ (3/4)

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15
Q

Newfies do not respond well to anesthesia, tend to be overly depressed by anesthetic drugs. Is this statement true?

A
  • Hypothyroidism = frequently present as subclinical disease in NFs –> tend to be easily depressed
  • Can be due to hypothyroid state, associated with depression of physiologic functions
  • When in doubt, assess with thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) +/- TSH
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16
Q

Is it true that toy breeds are more sensitive to effects of isoflurane?

A
  • No!
  • Iso = potent, hypotensive ax
  • rate of rise of alveolar concentration of this agent when using high oxygen flow rate on a NRB system (eg Bain) = rapid –> equilibration time for small body sizes/weights much faster than for LBDs
  • Mask induction also more rapid than in M/LBDs
17
Q

What is meant by boxer sensitivity to acepromazine or boxer acepromazine syndrome?

A

-Admin of acepromazine to some boxers can induce profound bradycardia assoc with hypotension, collapse of the animal
-Esp seen in UK
-Appears to be related to certain strains of the breed
-Seen with doses even as low as 0.01mgkg
SQ -> induced collapse in otherwise healthy dogs
-Explanation not documented

18
Q

What are the brachycephalic breeds?

A 
Boston Terrier 
Chinese Shar Pei
English Bulldog 
Pug 
French Bulldog 
Lhasa apso 
Pekinese 
Shih Tzu 
Any cross-breds from these breeds can also experience BAS
19
Q

What is BAS?

A

Upper airway obstruction process characterized by one or more of the following anatomical or functional abnormalities:

  1. Stenotic nares
  2. Elongated soft palate
  3. Laryngeal saccule eversion
  4. Laryngeal collapse
  5. Hypoplastic Trachea
20
Q

What are clinical signs of BAS?

A

Snoring, stridor, exercise intolerance, cyanosis, collapse

21
Q

How induce brachycephalic dogs

A
  1. Preoxygenate
  2. Rapid IV induction technique
  3. Intubate mandatory
22
Q

Why is pre oxygenating important for BAS dogs?

A

Provides additional reserve of oxygen in case intubation is difficult and airway obstruction occurs
–Want to pre oxygenate for at least 5min

23
Q

Why is a rapid IV induction technique advised for BAS dogs?

A
  • -Allows for rapid control of the airway
  • -Generally not advised to use slow indiction techniques like mask, chamber induction
  • -Ensure have assortment of endotracheal tubes available
24
Q

What are preanesthetic considerations when performing anesthesia on BAS dogs?

A
  • Preferable to avoid deep sedation –> associated with excessive relaxation of upper airway muscles and exacerbation of obstruction
  • Strong vagal tone –> consider using anticholinergic both to prevent bradycardia, clear airway from salivary secretions
25
Q

What are the two strategies to extubate a BAS dog?

A
  1. Rapid extubation

2. Prolonged extubation

26
Q

Advantages of a rapid recovery/extubation in BAS dog?

A
  • BAS patient at greater risk of upper airway obstruction, but thought is that obstruction much easier to manage than in a dysphoric animal emerging from GA
  • Correct head positioning, reintubation will be accomplished smoothly if patient still anesthetized
27
Q

Advantages of slow recovery/extubation in BAS dog?

A
  • Lower risk of obstruction
  • Good protection of airway at moment of extubation
  • If obstruction does occur, good protection of airway at moment of extubation
  • If patient does obstruct, greater risk of panic from patient –> need to be ready for rapid reintubation
  • Constant monitoring
28
Q

What special consideration should you have in mind during preanesthetic assessment of a Doberman pinscher?

A

-Highly susceptible to von Willebrand Disease

29
Q

What is von Willebrand disease?

A
  • Genetic disorder affecting platelet function
  • Lack of synthesis of/abN fxn of vWF
  • vWF = essential to activity of factor VIII, required for platelet adhesion.
  • Can check BMBT or plasma levels of vWF
30
Q

Can stored whole blood or pRBCs be used to provide vWF?

A

No –> pRBCs do not contain vWF, blood that has been stored for >6hrs does not contain therapeutic levels of vWF

31
Q

What drugs should be avoided in ax management of vW-positive Doberman Pinscher?

A
  • Little info in vet ax on effects of drugs on coat
  • Reportedly, phenothiazine tranquilizers decrease platelet aggregation - avoid
  • NSAIDS - avoid, increase clotting time
32
Q

Are Doberman Pinschers the only dogs affected by vW disease?

A
  • No -> reported in >60 dog breeds
  • Shetland Sheepdogs, Pembroke Welsh corgi, Scottish terrier, Airedale, standard poodle
  • DNA detection test available for all these breeds
33
Q

Can carprofen be used in labs?

A

Idiosyncratic hepatotoxicosis in 21 dogs following carprofen administration –> half in labradors. Use caution.

34
Q

Why are small breed dogs more susceptible to hypothermia?

A
  • Lower body weight to surface ratio –> larger surface exposed to heat loss
  • Initiate active warming, reduce anesthesia time
35
Q

What are some complications associated with hypothermia?

A

-increased postoperative infection, coagulopathies, cardiac morbidity

Anesthesia Review Questions (43 decks)

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