Chp. 4-6 Flashcards
4 main purposes of the police
- uphold the law
- pursue and bring to justice those who break the law
- prevent crime
- maintain peace
mutual pledge system
- one of the first Western systems of law enforcement
- organized system of self responsibilty
under this system every man is responsible for the conduct of every other man
tithing
10 families making up towns/villages
“The Hundred”
- 1 constable
- 10 tithings
constable was in charge of weapons and special equipment
Shire Reeve
was appointed by the Crown as jurisdiction for each “shire” or organized “Hundred”
the modern sheriff was derived from this
Watch and Ward
comprised of “officers” (unpaid volunteers) who guarded town gates at night
anyone seeking entry would need to have ID and state their business + if any crime suspects were apprehended they would be given to the constable
Gin Craze
the result of it
- an increase of crime
- it was thought that the mass manufacturing and consumption of gin provoked an organized effort toward establishing a formal public policy agency
Henry Fielding
his accomplishment
- organized watch and ward system into a private agency
The Bow Street Runners
Fieldings men that patrolled the streets of London and highways on horseback to guard travellors
Robert Peel
1829
-introduced the Metropolitan Police Act, which called for an organized police force guided by militory principles
3 main problems of early police
- low pay
- disrespect
- ineffectiveness
3 causes of the problems with early policing
- military model is not suited for police work
- police have contradictory task of protecting + arresting citizens and their employers = the public
- police forces were often used as sources of political patronage and control
3 major innovations in early policing
- telephone
- patrol car
- two way radio
3 levels of policing
- local
- state
- federal
about 18,000 police departments in US with about 900,000 officers
50% of all police departments have 12 or fewer sworn officers + 75% have 25 or fewer
types of local law enforcement agencies
10 of them
- campus police
- city/county agencies
- constables
- coroners/medical examiners
- housing authority police
- marine patrol units
- municipal police departments
- sheriffs departments
- transit police
- tribal police
roles within police agencies usually fall into 2 categories
- line operations: daily police work, other field services and field supervision
- staff operations: includes suppert roles and administrative operations
police station selection process
in no particular order
- written exam
- physical agility test
- drug screen
- oral interview
- polygraph
- background check
- fulll medical exam
characteristics of good police work
- attentiveness
- reliability
- responsiveness
- competence
- manners
- fairness
- integrity
state law enforcement agencies follow two models
- centralized: conducts major criminal investigations + patrols state highways
- de-centralized: smaller + more local, making it less dependent
things centralized police agencies do
5 things
- assist local/municiple law enforcement agencies
- operate + maintain a centralized criminal records repository
- operate + maintain a centralized indentification bureau
- patrol state highways
- offer current in service training opportunities
types of state policing agencies
9 of them
- alcohol law enforcement
- fish and wildlife
- highway patrol
- port authorities
- state bureaus of investigation
- state park services
- state police
- state uni police
- weigh station operations
federal agencies with uniformed divisions
12
- FBI
- secret service
- bureaus of alcohol, tobacco, and firearms
- federal protective services
- customs and border patol
- national security agency
- US park police
- department of defense
- US marshals
- Amtrak police
- US mint police
- US department of veterans affairs
US Gov. institutions with uniformed divisions
7
- US capitol police
- federal bureau of prisons police
- US supreme court police
- smithsonian police
- bureau of engraving and printing police
- Gov. publish office police
- US pentagon police
What modern day drug would compare to gin as contributing to a rising crime rate as it did back in London in the 1700s?
Crack cocaine
Match the modern criminal justice concept with it’s Peelian Principle
crime prevention
principles 1 and 9
Match the modern criminal justice concept with it’s Peelian Principle
Due process
principle 8
Match the modern criminal justice concept with it’s Peelian Principle
civilian oversight
principle 2
Match the modern criminal justice concept with it’s Peelian Principle
community policing
principles 3, 5, and 7
Match the modern criminal justice concept with it’s Peelian Principle
use of force continuum
principles 4 and 6
What were some nicknames given to the first police officers in London?
Bobbies, Peelers and New Police
Which police integrated better with their community?
rural police
What was the reason many of the first, original London police were dismissed within 10 years of their appointment?
being drunk on duty
What is the name of the effect described when American policy is aimed overseas and then returns back to the United States?
boomerang effect
match the salaries with the occupations
police officer/detective
$62,960
match the salaries with the occupations
private detective
$50,700
match the salaries with the occupations
forensic science technician
$57,850
match the salaries with the occupations
probation officer
$51,410
match the salaries with the occupations
security guard
$26,900
3 Due Process aras most relevant to policing
- search and seizure
- arrest
- interrogation
Miranda vs. Arizona
- 5th amendment
- the right to remain silent
Mapp vs. Ohio
- 4th amendment
- exclusionary rule
Terry vs. Ohio
- 4th amendment
- stop and frisk
Gideon vs. Wainwright
- 6th amendment
- right to an attorney
Weeks vs. United States
- 4th amendment
- search and seizure
exclusionary rule
- prevents evidence that is unlawfully obtained to be used in a court of law
2 purposes of exclusionary rule
- exculsion of evidence obtained in violation of a defendents constitutional rights will act as a detterent to police misconduct
- the integrity of the judicial system requires that the courts not be made party to lawless invasions of constitutional rights of citizens
good faith exception
the exclusionary rule does not bar evidence that was obtained by police officers acting in good faith with objectively resonable reliance on a search warrant issued by a proper magistrate but ultimately found to unsupported by proable cause
independent source exception
allows evidence to be admitted in court if knowledge of the evidence is gained from a separate or independent source that is completely unrelated to the illegality at hand
inevitable discovery exception
allows the usage of evidence, like illegally seized items, that would have been discovered unlawfully anyway
frisk
a patting down of the outer layer of clothing of a suspect based upon reasonable suspicion, designed to protect a police officer from attack with a weapon with questioning a suspect
limited to outer clothing
legal standard is “reasonable suspicion”
reasonable suspicion
a police officers suspicion that a person has recently, in the process of, or about to commit a crime
allows officers to detain temporarily and frisk suspected individual
probable cause to arrest
- violation of the law has been committed
- that the person about to be arrested has committed the violation
probable cause to search
- specific items to be searche for are connected with criminal activity
- that these items will be found in the place to be searched
exceptions to search warrants
ACE PIPES
- automobile exception
- consent to search
- evanscent evidence (collecting evidence that could be destroyed)
- plain view
- incident to lawful arrest
- hot pursuit
- emergency aid
- stop and frisk
3 requirements to allow seizure under plain view
- officer must legally be on the premises or at the place from which the item is seen
- the incriminating nature of the item seiezed must be immediately apparent
- the officer must have a lawful right of access to the object itself
police interrogations and confessions
- voluntary
- in conformity to Miranda ruling
two elements required for Miranda warnings
- custodial: if questions becomes sustained and intense, this may raise it to the level of “custody” invoking Miranda
- interrogations: Miranda rule only applies when the confession comes as the result of questioning statements volunteered by the suspect
Who wrote the opinion in the case of Mapp vs Ohio?
Justice Clark
What doctrine was associated with the lower courts overturning the convictions in the Leon case?
fruit of the poisonous tree
Which is one exception for requiring Miranda warnings?
public safety concern
police corruption
when a police officer uses their authority from some type of personal gain
types of police corruption
9
- case fixing
- accepting gratituities
- accepting bribes
- protecting illegal activities
- theft
- committing property crimes
- denying civil rights
- playing favorites
- committing violent crimes
3 types of official misconduct/corruption
- nonfeasance: failing to act when one has legal responsibilty to act
- misfeasance: performing a lawful act in an improper manner
- malfeasance: performing a weongful or criminal act
Rotten Apples theory
corrupt police officers bring unfavorabl e personality traits with them into their agency and removing them would eliminate the problem
3 ways to keep out the “bad apples”
- more comprehensive background checks
- regularly scheduled in service training
- allocating resources to enhance professionalism
3 ways to “clean the rotten barrel”
- create civilian review boards to heaar complaintes about police officers
- impliment fair procedures and processes for promotions based on qualifications
- work towards national accreditations
police sub-culture
developed from the collection of perceptions and values that form police officers working environments
Blue Curtain of Secrecy
aka code of silence
the practice of officers to not come foreward when they are aware of the ethiclal tansgressions of other officers
3 factors that contribute to possible weakening of the sub-culture
- diversity
- unions
- civil litigations
Jerome Skolnik
conducted research on the areo fo police behavior; concluded that there are three main police personaluty aspects:
1. danger
2. authority
3. isolation
3 styles of policing
- watchman style: most interested in order maintanence/ keeping peace/ informal
- legalistic style: most interested in “going by the book”/ enforces all laws/ formal
- service style: most interested in solving problems/ works with the public/informal
racial profiling
in regards to policing
any type of police action that is predicated on the basis of the race ethnicity, or nationality of a suspect as opposed to the behavior of the person in question
President’s 21st century task force on policing
6 reccomendations in adressing racial profiling
- building trust and legitimacy
- policy and oversight
- technology and social media
- community policing and crime reduction
- training and education
- officers wellness and safety
9 everyday dangers of police work
- foot pursuits
- vehicle pursuits
- making arrests
- responding to call for service
- traffice control
- duty equipment
- bio hazards
- natural hazards
- job stress
10 causes of police stress
- threats of officer safety/ well being
- continual exposure to people in pain or distress
- public apathy
- the presence of firearms
- exposure to criminals
- responsibilty for protecting the lives of others
- the need to control emotions when provoked
- fragmente d nature of police work (not being able to work cases to conclusion)
- rotating shifts
- lack of suppirt from administration
4 common effects of police stress
- alcohol and/or drug abuse
- family problems
- psychological problems
- PTSD
5 benefits of college educated police officers
- solve problems better
- better performance ratings
- use fewer sick days
- get disciplined less
- have fewer excessive force complaints
police use of force
the use of force by a police officer when interacting with a member of the public
deadly force
most severe action and officer can take against a citizen
FBI defines it as “the intentional use of a firearm or other instrument resulting in a high probability of death”
What was meant by officers maintaining the edge?
being in control of their surroundings
What police characteristic is one of the main influences on the Blue Wall?
loyalty
What is one category of police corruption?
abuse of authority
Who is the most visible representative of the criminal justice process?
police officer
What percentage of a police officers decision making is effected by stress?
25% or more
In the case of Tennessee vs Garner, which amendment in the Bill of Rights was the foundation of the case?
4th amendment
