chp 23 cardiovascular diseases

Question 1

natural defenses of cardiovascular system

Answer 1

Blood is full of WBC’s N. E. B . M. lymp.
Roles of each
• Once in blood if the microbes survive the infection is systemic
○ Bacterimea bacteria in blood
• No normal biota

Question 2

endocarditis

Answer 2

• Inflammation of the endocardium,almost always the valves
• Bacteria (most common) viral, and fungal causes
○ Bacterial: staphylococcus aureus , many streptococcus species(mutines,
§ Layered biofilms form . Very difficult to treat . Polymicrobial. Go dormant .. Mechanically scrapping it off or valve replacement
• Signs and symptoms
○ Fever anemia , abnormal heartbeat, shortness of breath

• Pathogenesis
	○ Usually parenteral entry 
	○ Colonize normal or damage heart valve 
	○ Biofilms proctected layers of fibrin and platelets 
	○ Mature vegetations contain cells tht are metabolically inactive 
	○ Vacteria can become a continual source for vacteremia 
	○ Pieces may break off and serve as emboli
• Treatment : Abx  surgery

Question 3

lyme disease

Answer 3

• Slow-acting , progressive syndrome characterized by neuromuscular and rheumatoid (joint) conditions
• Causative agent : Borrelia burgdorferi, a spirochete bacterium
• Signs and symptoms
○ Bull’s eye lesion at site of tick bite(allergy or erythema migrans)
○ Fever, headaches, dizziness
○ If untreated : cardiac and neurological problems (facial palsy) severe arthritis
• Pathogenesis and virulence factors
○ Transmitted by tick
○ Changes surface antigens to continually evade immune system; no toxins; pathogenesis is unclear
• Treatment : early Abx . Vaccines in development
Deer ticks # one host / deer.
Chronic lyme disease

Question 4

infectious mononucleosis MONO

Answer 4

• Lymphatic system disease
• Causative agent : most often the epstein-barr virus (EBV)
○ 90% of world pop. Has been effected
○ usually results in disease if first encountered during teen yrs
• Signs and symptoms
○ Fatigue , sore throat , high fever , swollen cervical lymph nodes , white patches on tonsils; leukocytosis with infected b cells and teccls
• Pathogenesis and virulence factors
○ Latency avoid immune system
○ Replicate in pharynx (epitheliel cells) the ninvade b cells as well
○ After recovery , remain chrinically infected with EBV
• Treatment
○ Supportive dealing with it make them feel comfortable

Question 5

HIV

Answer 5

• Causative agent of AIDS (acquired immunodifiency syndrome)
• Trasmission via blood semen and breat milk
• Enveloped + ssRNA
• Spike proteins for fusion
○ Biinds CD4 helper t cell dendritic cells
• Reverse transcriptase intergrace and protease

They can infect the cells b4 the blood. Breast milk. Dendritic cells macrophages .

Enveloped membrane fusion uncoating . RNA virus reverse transrpitase turns RNA into dsDNA integrate in genome or make new viral genomes

• Course of infection of several yrs
	○ During early stage of infection viral load is high and increased. HIV in blood peaks 
	○ Then seroccoversion HIV declines 
	○ 
	○ T cells destroyed directly but majority are killed are bystander cells (apoptosis) Tc-mediatted destructions
• Antiviral therapies include inhibitiors (RT, integrase, protease) and fusion inhibitors 
• HIV mutates frq. So it is prone to develop drug resistence 
• Avoid monotherapy (see below) and instead use a drug cocktail tht hits the virus from many angles

Question 6

describe anatomy of cardiovascular system

Answer 6

• The heart is a muscular pump
  
  • Relevant anatomy : pericardium , heart wall (epicardium, myocardium, endocardium) , atria , ventricle ,valves

Coverings and linings tht we r most interested in
4 chambers top 2 atria bottom ventricle flap of CT valve .. One way flow of blood .
Microbes grab on valves and cause disease .
Coverings out side the inside and inbetween .
1. Outside pericardium fibrous sac.
2. Epicardium
3. Myocardium thickest part muscle
4. Endocardium friction for blood flow and prevents abnormal clotting lines inside of chambers .