Chp. 2- Settling North America and the Colonies

Question 1

merchantilism

Answer 1

the economic theory that claims trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government can promote through its policies

Question 2

Northwest Passage

Answer 2

a theoretical route to Asia that avoided Spanish territory

Question 3

John Cabot

Answer 3

1497, tried to find a Northwest Passage, discovered New Foundland (England)

Question 4

Giovanni da Verrazzano

Answer 4

1528, made three trips and documented most of the American coastlines and islands (France)

Question 5

Jacques Cartier

Answer 5

1541, was sent to establish a base from which to locate the City of Gold

brought back pyrite and quartz (France)

Question 6

Sir Francis Drake

Answer 6

raided Spanish ports, then sailed around the world before bringing back twice the Queen’s annual income in gold (England)

1588, lead the English fleet to victory against the Spanish Armada (ships outnumbered 2:1)

Question 7

Sir Walter Raleigh

Answer 7

1585, financed a group of settlers off the coast of North Carolina called Roanoke that vanished mysteriously (England)

1594, pursued El Dorado and wrote a fictional account of the city

raided a Spanish outpost and was beheaded for piracy

Question 8

Jamestown

Answer 8

1607, the first permanent English settlement

Question 9

Virginia Company

Answer 9

funded the colony of Jamestown to search for gold

Question 10

joint stock company

Answer 10

a pooled public/private venture investing in New World colonies

government granted the company’s charter- enforced boundaries and a time limit, received shares

Question 11

Pocahontas

Answer 11

the daughter of the tribal chief Powhatan, she brought food to the colonists and sometimes intervened on their behalf

Question 12

John Rolfe

Answer 12

brought the much coveted sweet Spanish tobacco seeds to Virginia

Question 13

headright

Answer 13

for every worker sponsored, an investor would receive 50 acres of land

Question 14

indentured servants

Answer 14

received passage, room/board, and land in return for x years work

Question 15

House of Burgesses

Answer 15

1619, first elective, representative government

Question 16

Treaty of Paris

Answer 16

1763, ended the Seven Years War

France relinquishes all of Canada and Eastern Louisiana, retained control of the Caribbean

Spain gained the Western half of Louisiana and traded Florida for Cuba

Mississippi River territory remained neutral

Question 17

Henry Hudson

Answer 17

1609, tried to find a Northwest Passage (Dutch West India Company)

Question 18

Peter Minuit

Answer 18

1626, purchased Manhattan from the Lenape for $24 of glass beads

Question 19

patroons

Answer 19

transported upwards of 50 families and were granted large tracts of land (Netherlands)

Question 20

Mayflower

Answer 20

1620, carried Pilgrims, hired men, homeless people, illegitimate children, indentured servants, and other intended for land North of Jamestown

Question 21

Pilgrims

Answer 21

part of a separatist organization fleeing religious persecution in England

granted permission from the London Company to settle North of Jamestown

landed in Cape Cod, outside of English domain

Question 22

Mayflower Compact

Answer 22

a founding document acknowledging the authority of the king and God while establishing a local body given power by the “consent of the governed”

create laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions, and offices

Question 23

William Bradford

Answer 23

first elected leader of Plymouth whose diary provides credible insights into the colony

Question 24

Wampanoag

Answer 24

a coastal Native American tribe that occupied the Northeast before they were decimated by smallpox

Question 25

Squanto

Answer 25

a Wampanoag who was kidnapped/enslaved, purchased by a priest who taught him Spanish, English, and Christianity. served as a translator on board explorers' ships commanded by the chief of Massasoit to establish a mutual defense alliance with the British taught Pilgrims how to farm

Question 26

Puritans

Answer 26

a Christian religious sect committed to purifying the church of the influences of Roman Catholicism

Question 27

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Answer 27

(1628-1691) chartered to provide an American settlement for Puritans population swelled to 20,000 within a decade

Question 28

Governor John Winthrop

Answer 28

had a pseudo-theocratic role as Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony promoted the idea that hard work was a religious and civic duty

Question 29

Roger Williams

Answer 29

1636, established the settlement of Providence (bought from the Narragansetts tribe) after he was banned for teaching "diverse, new, and dangerous" opinions believed people should not be lagally punished for religious infractions said that the land of New England elonged to Native Americans

Question 30

Anne Hutchinson

Answer 30

convicted of stepping out of her prescribed gender role after hosting post-church discussions with local women in which they discussed sermons and criticized preachers 1638, founded Portsmouth

Question 31

Nathaniel Bacon

Answer 31

organized a militiant attack on the Native Americans living on desired land to the West Governor of Virginia ordered them to stop 1676, became a rebellion against colonial leadership, buring Jamestown fell apart after Bacon died of dysentery legacy- appeased the lower class by granting suffrage to all free white men turned planters away from indentured servitude towards slavery

Question 32

Cecil Calvert (Lord Baltimore)

Answer 32

1632, founded Maryland as a colony for Catholics driven out of England by the Cvil War Maryland has a Protestant majority

Question 33

Act of Religious Toleration

Answer 33

1649, granted political rights in Maryland to anyone practicing a form of Chirstianity overturned after King was beheaded and Puritans took over

Question 34

proprietors

Answer 34

the ruler of a propreitary colony

Question 35

James Oglethorpe

Answer 35

1733, was granted a Royal charter to found the colony of Georgie an alternative to debtor's prison intended to be a utopia of hard work and social equality (no slavery or large land holdings) buffered Spanish Florida and English Carolina

Question 36

Duke of York

Answer 36

1664, the brother of King Charles II, he was granted New Amsterdam and drove the Dutch out brought wealthy English merchants to New York where they wanted to continue their lavish lifestyles

Question 37

William Penn

Answer 37

1681, a Quaker who founded the colony of Pennsylvania, a repayment of debt from the King also purchased the land from the Lenape and Sweden to make peace guaranteed full religious freedom and a represetative government well organized, temperate climate, and fertile soil

Question 38

Metacomet (King Philip)

Answer 38

a Wampanoag chief

Question 39

King Philip's War

Answer 39

1675, a coalition of New England tribes destroyed 12 English towns and killed 10% of the Massachusetts militia before they were defeated last significant Native American resistance to colonization

Question 40

Salem Witch Trials

Answer 40

1692, several teenage girls blamed their troublesome behavior on the influence of witchcraft inciting mass hysteria 150 people accused, 20 convicted/executed, 5 died in prison

Question 41

John Peter Zenger

Answer 41

a publisher sued for printing unflattering stories about the Royal Governor "not guilty" verdict gave rise to the American free press

Question 42

Triangular Trade

Answer 42

a commercial system in which manufactured British goods were traded for Aftrican slaves who were taken to America to harvest raw materials for English manufacturing

Question 43

Middle Passage

Answer 43

the journey from Africa to America

Question 44

Phillis Wheatley

Answer 44

a slave who became the first published Black writer kidnapped from Gambia her Boston masters taught her to read and write poetry, which was Classical and religious in nature 1767, published at the age of 16

Question 45

task system

Answer 45

slaves in South Carolina and Georgia would be assigned an acre of land to complete each day, division of labor evolved on rice plantations to increase efficiency and decrease communication

Question 46

Slave Codes

Answer 46

a set of laws restricting the rights of slaves, a response to the fear of rebellion slaves could not handle money, be educated, be compensated, leave their owner's property, drink alcohol, own weapons/livestock, grow certain crops, or wear nice clothing whites who failed to comply could be fined, exiled, or beaten free Black people- could not work in stores, own horses/hogs, own slaves, have white servants, or marry white people Emancipation: Virginia- owner had to pay for their passage out of the state South Carolina- legistlature had to approve it

Question 47

Navigation Acts

Answer 47

1651, restricted Colonial trade in favor of English merchantilist policies colonial trade could only go through Brisith/American ships colonies could only manufacture certain types/quantities of goods "enumerated item" could only be sld in England > mostly cash crops and their value was deflated (hurt the South) forced Americans to consume English goods, those that were imported were subject to a tax

Question 48

Molasses Act

Answer 48

1733, increased the tax on molasses imported from the French West Indies used to make rum in New England opened up the smuggling industry in North America those who were caught could bribe customs officials and were rarely indicted by juries regardless

Question 49

Currency Act

Answer 49

1764, regulated colonial paper money destabilized several regional economies

Question 50

salutary neglect

Answer 50

a policy in which Imperial trade regulations were not enforces and colonial affairs were managed internally, which contributed to the increasing autonomy of the colonies

Question 51

Dominion of New England

Answer 51

1686-1689, King James II combined Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, and New Hapmshire to consolidate power and stave off foreign threats ruled by a President with an appointed council Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, and Maine joined later with varying degrees of consent collapsed after the Glorious Revolution

Question 52

Edmund Andres

Answer 52

the second President of New England, he was a British native who imposed wildly unpopular regulations on the colony demanded Puritan churches hold services for the Anglican Church unified the tax system, hiking taxes for some regions restricted town meetings attempted to certify all land titles to charge rent

Question 53

Glorious Revolution

Answer 53

1688, influential members of Parliament overthrew the Catholic King James II in favor of his Protestant daughter, Queen Mary, and her Husband William of Orange signed a Bill of Rights diluting their power and emboldening Parliament

Question 54

United Kingdom of Great Britain

Answer 54

1707, England and Scotland became on nation, adopting the same Parliament and Monarch